AP European History Unit 9 Quiz

AP European History Unit 9 Quiz 1. Which of the following was NOT a purpose of the Marshall Plan as enacted by the United States? a. To carry out the policy of containment against the Soviet Union as a result of growing tensions from the Potsdam Conference of 1945. b. To maintain the USA's traditional policy of isolationism c. To help create a bloc of states in alliance with the USA at the expense of growing communism d. To provide economic aid for predominantly Western European countries after the total war experienced in World War II 2. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was an alliance group formed between which bloc of countries and for what reason? a. Eastern Bloc; to establish a series of buffer states that would protect the Soviet Union in the case of aggression led by the United States b. Western Bloc; to form a defensive military alliance that would safeguard the USA from potential threats caused by the Soviet Union c. Westem Bloc; to establish a cooperative trading and political network between neighboring European countries to avoid violent militarism through war d. Eastern Bloc; to provide financial aid for European countries as a result of the earlier destructive World War I and World War II 3. Immediately following the end of World War II, both the formerly aligned United States and Soviet Union began to engage in postwar arguments in regards to the disagreements about new European borders. The first instance of Cold War tensions was seen in the Truman Doctrine that worked to provide support for which of the following Mediterranean countries threatened by communism? a. Greece and Turkey b. Spain and Italy c. Croatia and Romania d. Israel and Syria 4. Use the chart below for the following question. Index of Industrial Production, 1938-1967 1938 1948 1959 1967 United States 33 73 113 168 West Germany 53 27 107 158 France 52 55 101 155 Italy 43 44 112 212 Holland 47 53 110 152 Belgium 64 78 104 153 Great Britain 67 74 105 133 Walter Laquer, Europe Since Hitler, 1982 According to the overall trend as shown in the table, which of the following most accurately describes the reason behind the observed data? a. The long-term economic impact of the decolonization of previously European dominated foreign territories and the decline of imperialism b. The use of the Marshall Plan to provide both economic aid and useful reconstruction of European countries after total war c. The growth of "cradle to grave" social welfare programs in the development of European countries that allow for betting housing, health care, and social security d. The expansion of industrialization techniques as used by the Soviet Union to centralize the economy of a country and enforce rapid production of armaments 5. Upon the denazification and partitioning of Germany into four different zones of occupation after World War II, the polarization of Eastern and Western Germany came to mark the direct intervention of the US into European affairs in which Cold War event? a. Vietnam War b. Korean War c. Decolonization of India d. Berlin Airlift 3. Answer: A; The Truman Doctrine was put in place to provide financial aid to countries that were threatened by the expansion of communism, primarily to combat the efforts of the Soviet Union. Harry Truman, the 33rd President of the United States believed that if Greece (and Turkey) (A) were to be overcome by communist influence, it would thereby spread all across of Eastem Europe and soon to the rest of the world at the expense of the USA. The civil war in Greece turned into a Cold War issue and did not initially start in any other geographically Mediterranean area (B) (C) (D). 4. Answer: B; While the newly integrated social welfare programs established a system of better conditions for the normal citizen, it did not play a great role in the increasing development in modern industrial production (C). Decolonization also had its benefits for the economy of European countries who chose to remove their influence from foreign territories, but decolonization was largely done as a result of growing opposition to domineering European states and the rising nationalism against the subjugation of foreign peoples rather than for economic purposes (A). The Soviet's enforcement of rapid industrialization did work to provide many resources in regards to weaponry (less so in consumer goods) but was not effective in terms of long-term economic sustainability (D). The Marshall Plan successfully improved the industrial production of many European countries through economic support and practical leadership that led to the revival of the European economy after two world wars (B). 5. Answer: D; The Berlin Airlift was characterized by the USA's direct involvement in supporting a grand airlift of food, fuel, and other resources into West Berlin after the Soviet Union initiated a blockade of all Western territory in Germany (D). The Soviet Union felt threatened by the possibility of a united Western Germany among the allies (USA, Great Britain, France) and enforced the blockade of Western Germany in an attempt to gain complete economic control. The Vietnam War (A), Korean War (B), and decolonization of India (C) all happened later in the timeline of the Cold War. 6. Answer: D; Both the ECSC and the EEC worked to remove trade restrictions between Westem European countries and encouraged a system of free trade that attempted to use economic collaboration to deter any possibility of a future war (D). These two groups of economic orientation held little to do with military alliances (A), support of communism by way of the Soviet Union (B), or the introduction of new forms of industry (C). The ECSC\ and EEC were an integral component behind the rapid revival of Western Europe after World War II and only emphasized the lack of progress being made by Europe's Eastern counterparts. 7. Answer: C; After World War II, the term "welfare states" became attributed to countries that provided their citizens with specific benefits aligned with the policies of social justice. Such benefits include health care, unemployment insurance, social security, retirement pensions, disability insurance, and better housing and were supported by socialist parties to act as somewhat of a buffer for citizens who had received little to no compensation for the destruction caused by total war (C). Nationalists (A), fascists (B), and capitalists (D) were predominantly uninvolved with the issue of social welfare programs and focused their attention on other postwar concems. 8. Answer: E; All three examples illustrate the globalization of the conflict originally between the USA and Soviet Union. The introduction and initial success of the communist regime within China added another opponent against the United States. Originally working together to divide Korea after two world wars and occupation by Japan during World War II, the Soviets soon grew to support communism in North Korea while the US supported political democracy in South Korea. The polarization grew to greater issues when Mao Zedong, leader of Communist China interfered in Cold War politics and gravitated towards supporting the expansion of communism (II). The interference of China into the Cold War was once again observed during the First Vietnam War when China supplied communist North Vietnam with weapons to aid themselves against American forces (I). Globalization of the Cold War is also seen in Cuba wherein the nuclear threat seen during the Cuban Missile Crisis resulted in compromise between President John F. Kennedy (USA) and Nikita Khrushchev (Soviet) (III). 9. Answer: C; Fidel Castro led a totalitarian regime within Cuba after his successful removal of the formal dictatorship and acted as a communist agent for the Soviet Union. When the Soviets wanted to station nuclear weapons in Cuba, the USA began to feel threatened by the possibility of nuclear missiles being so close in proximity to the USA (C). Heated tensions began to rise once the USA performed a blockade in an attempt to prevent nuclear weaponry from entering Cuba. The Soviets peacefully agreed to return the fleets carrying nuclear weapons if the USA in return agreed to not invade Cuba. The Cuban Missile Crisis was a close call to complete nuclear war. Castro was not actually in authority to use the nuclear weapons and it was the dominant responsibility of Khrushchev of the Soviets to determine if they were to be launched (A). Cuba is not a state of the USA but instead a protectorate (B) and Cuba was actually in support of the Allies during world war (D). 10. Answer: C; The First Vietnam War was a war based on the American perception that Ho Chi Minh was attempting to enforce the expansion of communism throughout all of Asia (A). While receiving support from both China and the Soviet Union was in part encouraging communist rule in Vietnam, in the eyes of North Vietnam, Minh's initial reason for engaging in conflict with the combined forces of USA and France was to promote self-determination for the Vietnamese people and use nationalism to combat the oppression governed by Western colonists focused on Asian imperialism (C). The First Vietnam War held little to do with economic reform (D) and was not initiated to institute a collaborative economic system of free trade between Asian countries (B). 11. Answer: A; The Treaty of Rome established the European Economic Community and is also referred to as the EEC Treaty for its creation of the tariff union known as EEC that worked to encourage free trade for its members (B). The London Protocol of 1944 was a document that formally divided the territory of postwar Germany into three occupation zones (then without the fourth occupation zone of France that would be formally recognized later on in border agreements) (C). The Brezhnev Doctrine was a intervention policy claimed by the Soviet Union under leader Leonid Brezhnev that stated that if the USSR came under any possible threat by another Communist country, they reserved the right to intervene in the foreign affairs of that same country to maintain the position of political communism (D). The Fourteen Points of USA President Woodrow Wilson after World War I were a series of claims made at the end of the war to act as peace negotiations. A dominant point made during Wilson's speech was to enforce the idea of national self-determination and inspired waves of independence movements across foreign territories that had been subjugated to Western influence during New Imperialism. This would come to foreshadow the later movements of decolonization during the Cold War (A). 12. Answer: B; All of the following countries except the Netherlands (B) experienced some form of decolonization and were granted independence from their Western influences. India