University:
Glendale Community College
Course:
CHM130 | Fundamental Chemistry
Academic year:

2019
Views:

137

Pages:

19
Author:

vironerzv

Review Primer Overview n n Section 1: General Chemistry Section 2: Organic Chemistry IMAGE TK (PERIODIC TABLE?) Life: It is a Mystery! §General Chemistry §Chemistry is the investigation of matter and the changes it can undergo §Each chemical element is a pure substance composed of one type of atom §118 known elements (4 have just been added) §Elements fall into three categories: §Metals (like sodium, gold, and iron) §Nonmetals (like oxygen and nitrogen) §Metalloids (like silicon and boron) §Metalloids include elements with properties intermediate between metals and nonmetals General Chemistry §Atomic Structure: The Basics §Atoms are the smallest units of an element that retain the properties of that element §Atomic structure consists of positively charged central nucleus surrounded by one or more negatively charged electrons §Nucleus contains positively charged protons and neutrons - no charge §Exception: Hydrogen §Ions form when atoms lose electrons (cations) or gain an electron (anions) General Chemistry §Atomic Number and Mass Number §Atomic number of an element is the number of protons in its nucleus §Atomic number uniquely identifies an element §Mass number of an element is equal to the number of protons and neutrons §Measured in atomic mass units §Isotopes are atoms of an element with different numbers of neutrons §Some isotopes are radioactive, meaning they undergo a spontaneous process in which an atomic nucleus undergoes a change accompanied by an energy emission General Chemistry General Chemistry §Chemical Bonding §Chemical bond is a strong attractive force between atoms in a chemical compound §Two major types §Ionic bonds §Electrons are transferred from atoms with a tendency to release electrons to electronegative atoms that tend to gain electrons. §Covalent bonds §Electrons are shared between atoms with similar electronegativity values §Polar covalent bonds §Coordinate covalent bonds General Chemistry §Chemical Reactions §Atoms in chemical substances are rearranged to form new substances §Reaction rate in bimolecular reactions depends on the frequency of successful collisions between the chemical species §Successful collision occurs when there is sufficient activation energy §Reactants appear on the left, products appear on the right A+BàC+D General Chemistry §Reaction Kinetics §Reaction rate is the change in the concentration of reactant or product per unit time aA + bB à cC + dD §Chemical equations tell us nothing about: §How fast the reaction occurs §Ratio of final product to reactant molecules §Whether the reaction requires or releases energy §Factors influencing reaction rate: §Reactant structure §Reactant concentration §Physical state §Temperature §Catalysts General Chemistry §Chemical Reactions and Equilibrium Constants §Many reactions are reversible; will reach equilibruim aA + bB ßà cC + dD §Keq - ratio of the molar concentrations of product to reactant, each of which is raised to the power of its coefficient Keq = [C]c[D]d [A]a[B]b §Le Chatelier’s Principle §For a chemical reaction at equilibrium a change in the conditions of the reaction triggers a shift in the equilibrium to counteract the change General Chemistry §Acid-Base Equilibria and pH §When acids and bases dissolve in water, they dissociate, forming ions §Weak acids and weak bases - dissociate only to a limited extent and establish a dynamic equilibrium with their ions §Behavior of weak acids and bases is especially important in biochemistry because many biomolecules possess carboxylate, amino, and other functional groups that can accept or donate hydrogen ions §Water also has a slight capacity to dissociate into ions General Chemistry §Reaction Types §Synthetic reactions involve two or more substances combining to form a single new substance §Decomposition reactions involve a compound breaking down into simpler products §Displacement or substitution reactions involve a more reactive element replacing a less active element §Double displacement reactions involve two compounds exchanging ions to form two new compounds §Redox reactions involve the exchange of electrons between chemical species Organic Chemistry §Organic chemistry is the investigation of carbon-containing compounds §Carbon can form stable covalent bonds with other carbon atoms to form long chains, branch chains, and rings §Carbon also forms stable covalent bonds with a number of other elements §Carbon can form carbon-carbon double and triple bonds §Two major classes of organic molecules §Hydrocarbons §Substituted hydrocarbons Organic Chemistry §Hydrocarbons §Hydrocarbons are nonpolar and hydrophobic; C and H §Four groups: §Saturated hydrocarbons (molecules containing only single bonds) §Unsaturated hydrocarbons (molecules with one or more carbon-carbon double or triple bonds) §Cyclic hydrocarbons (molecules containing one or more carbon rings) §Aromatic hydrocarbons (molecules that contain one or more aromatic rings, which can be described as cyclic molecules with alternating double and single bonds) Organic Chemistry §Substituted Hydrocarbons §Replacing one or more hydrogens on hydrocarbon molecules with functional groups §Functional group is a specific group of atoms within a molecule that is responsible for the molecule’s chemical reactivity §Functional groups also separate the substituted hydrocarbons into families §Three general classes of functional groups are important to biomolecules: oxygen-containing, nitrogen-containing, and sulfur-containing Organic Chemistry §Functional groups of organic molecules §Alcohols – hydroxyl group, R-OH §Aldehydes – carbonyl group, R-CHO §Amines – amino group, R-NH2 §Ketones - carbonyl group and two R groups, R-CO-R §Carboxylic acids - carboxyl group, R-COOH §Esters – ester group, R-COOR §Ethers – ether group, ROR §Thiols – sulfhydryl group, RSH Organic Chemistry §Organic molecules with nitrogen-containing functional groups §Amines §Organic molecules considered derivatives of ammonia §Enormous number of biological molecules contain amine nitrogens (amino acids, alkaloids, etc.) §Amides §Amine derivatives of carboxylic acids §Neutral molecules Organic Chemistry §Organic Reactions §Large number of organic reaction types §Beyond the reactions already described, there are two additional reaction classes in organic chemistry: §Aliphatic substitution reactions §Aliphatic elimination reactions Organic Chemistry §Substitution Reactions Figure 12 Figure 13 Organic Chemistry §Elimination Reactions §Elimination reactions involve the loss of two atoms or groups from a molecule §Three types of elimination reactions §E1 (elimination unimolecular reactions) §E2 (elimination bimolecular reactions) §E1cb (Elimination unimolecular conjugate base reactions)