CHM 130LL. Chemical and Physical Changes

CHM 130LL: Chemical and Physical Changes In this experiment you will observe and record observations of properties of substances and you will cause changes to occur and classify these changes as physical or chemical based or evidence provided by your observations. Every pure substance can be described by a unique set of chemical and physical properties. For example, sugar looks, tastes and behaves the same, whether it is from your cupboard or your neighbor’s. You count on this fact whenever you use sugar and would be surprised if its behavior were different. If you needed to decide whether an unlabeled canister contained sugar or something else, you would take a look at it, feel it, taste it—this is OK in the kitchen, but not OK in chemistry lab! (Of course, to be sure, you should determine a large number of properties. Some sugarsubstitutes look and taste remarkably like the real thing but do not behave the same way in the body.) While you may not realize it, you were using a basic principle of chemistry—that every pure chemical is unique, but every sample of one pure chemical behaves the same way. Two general types of changes are involved: Physical changes: These involve only a change in physical state but no change in the composition of the individual atoms or molecules present, so the chemical formula stays the same. For example, dissolving sugar in water still results in a sweet taste because the sugar molecules are still present. Chemical changes: These do change the composition of the substance, so the chemical formula changes. Burning the sugar in a saucepan results in a dark caramel, a substance that is different from the original sugar! Some of the sugar molecules have been converted to caramel molecules! To determine if a change was physical or chemical, a chemist must observe what happens to the the individual atoms or molecules. If they are converted to other kinds of molecules, the change was chemical; if not, the change was physical. Because such observations are impossible, chemists rely on evidence that can be observed. In general, if the properties of the substance change, one can assume that the substance has undergone a change in composition (chemical change). If the properties are the same, then no change in composition has occurred (physical change). A change in just one property of a substance does not always mean that a chemical change has occurred. For example, the particle size and appearance of granulated sugar can be changed by grinding into powdered sugar, but tasting it will convince you that it is still sugar. Changes in appearance can be deceiving. Tests of reactivity are better indicators of chemical change. In this experiment, you will cause changes in several pure substances then test the substances before and after the changes occur. Record detailed observations, especially with respect to any change in appearance (color, texture) and/or change in physical state indicating a new substance was produced—e.g. fizzing which indicates a gas is given off or cloudiness which indicates a solid precipitate has formed. Based on your tests and observations, you will classify the changes as physical or chemical. If the test results are the same for the original and the changed sample, then the change was physical. If the test results are different for the original and the changed sample, then the change was chemical. page 1 of 6 An example is shown below: Heating Copper(II) Sulfate Pentahydrate Appearance of Sample sample + H2O Original Sample Heated Sample Blue solid crystals Gray chunky solid Blue clear solution, solid at bottom Blue clear solution, solid at bottom The evidence above indicates that heating the original sample results in a _physical change. Procedure You will need 2 dry test tubes for part A only. The rest of the tests can be done in clean wet test tubes. Waste disposal: A waste jar will be provided for all waste generated in this lab. A good observation includes Color, State of matter and Clarity for liquids (cloudy vs clear). All 3 must be included for liquids. Ex: blue clear liquid, white solid, pink cloudy liquid, etc… A. Copper(II) Carbonate and Heat 1. Exchange two wet clean test tubes for two dry test tubes. Place approximately a pea-size amount of copper (II) carbonate, CuCO3, into each of the two dry test tubes. Record the color of the sample. 2. Tap the tubes on the bench top so any sample clinging to the sides falls to the bottom. 3. Heat one sample very strongly over a Bunsen burner flame for at least 4 minutes. Carefully shake the test tube to thoroughly mix the contents. Record the color of the sample immediately after heating. 4. Allow the test tube to cool for about 10 minutes in a beaker. (Do not put the hot test tube in a plastic test tube rack, or it will melt the plastic.) 5. Add 5-6 drops of 2M HCl to each of the two samples. Compare the results. B. Silver Nitrate and Copper Metal CAUTION: Silver nitrate stains skin and clothing. Rinse spills immediately. Note: You may use a wet test tube for this test as long as it is clean. 1. Clean a small piece of copper wire with sandpaper, coil it, and drop it into a small test tube. Add enough 0.1M AgNO3 to completely cover it. Also add an approximately equal volume of the 0.1M AgNO3 to a second test tube. Wait ten minutes and observe the contents of the first test tube carefully. 2. Pour the AgNO3 solution off the piece of copper into a third test tube. Add 3-4 drops of 3M NH4OH to this solution, and also to the solution that was not in contact with the copper metal. Compare the results. C. Sodium Bicarbonate and Hydrochloric Acid. CAUTION: Hydrochloric acid is corrosive and can burn skin and damage clothing. Note: You may use a wet test tube for this test as long as it is clean. 1. Place about 10 drops of saturated NaHCO3 (sodium bicarbonate) in each of two test tubes. To one, add 2M HCl (hydrochloric acid) dropwise until additional drops of HCl no longer cause page 2 of 6 a reaction even when the test tube is agitated or stirred. (Be sure to mix the contents of the tube after each addition of HCl.) 2. Add 3 drops of 0.1M Ca(NO3)2 to each and compare the results. D. Magnesium Ribbon and Heat Note: You may use a wet test tube for this test as long as it is clean. 1. Obtain two short strips of Mg metal ribbon. Record the appearance of the metal. 2. Holding a test tube with a clamp, place one strip into the test tube. Carefully add 10 drops of 2M HCl into the test tube. Record your observations of the unburned sample. 3. Grasp one end of the other strip with your crucible tongs, and hold the Mg strip directly in the flame of your burner until the magnesium ignites, then hold it over the watch glass. Do NOT look directly at the burning metal, instead look about 6 inches to the side. Do NOT burn the Mg strip in a test tube. 4. Collect the ash by tapping the tongs so that the ash falls into a clean test tube. If the ash has already fallen on the watch glass, scrape it into a test tube. 5. Record the appearance of the product ash that forms. 6. Treat this product ash with HCl as in step 2 above. Record your observations of this burned sample. E. Ammonium Chloride and Heat Note: You may use a wet test tube for this test as long as it is clean. 1. Cover the bottom of your evaporating dish with a thin layer of NH4Cl (ammonium chloride), a white solid. Support this on a ring stand and wire gauze. Cover the evaporating dish with a watch glass with the concave side up so the watch glass doesn’t slide off the dish. 2. Heat the bottom of the evaporating dish gently with your Bunsen burner for about 10-12 minutes. A white coating should form on the underside of the watch glass. Turn off your Bunsen burner, and let the equipment cool. 3. Wait at least 5 minutes for the watch glass to cool, then carefully remove it with your hand. Holding the edges of the watch glass securely over a test tube, scrape a small piece of the white deposit into the test tube. Dissolve this in a minimum amount of deionized water. 4. In a second test tube, place about the same small sized piece of unheated NH4Cl, and also dissolve this in a minimum amount of deionized water. 5. Add two drops of AgNO3 solution to each test tube, record your observations, and compare the results. Waste disposal: Dispose of all waste in the waste container in the hood. Wash and rinse all of your test tubes, evaporating dish and watch glass. Shake out any excess water from the inside of the test tubes, and dry the outside of each. Put your clean test tubes back in the plastic test tube rack. Put any test tubes that cannot be cleaned on the cart. Make sure the gas in your area is turned off. Use paper towels to wash then wipe up your entire lab bench before leaving lab. F. Water and Electricity: DEMO The electrolysis of water to produce a gas or gases will be demonstrated. The gas is either H2O gas or both O2 and H2 gases. Observe what happens when the gas or gases are exposed to a flame. Classify the change observed as chemical or physical. G. Questions and Molecular-Level Images Answer the questions and classify each set of descriptions and corresponding molecular-level images as chemical or physical. page 3 of 6 CHM 130LL: Chemical and Physical Changes Name: _____________________ Partner: ____________________ Section Number: ________________ A. Copper(II) Carbonate and Heat Unheated Sample Heated Sample Appearance sample + 2M HCl (aq) The evidence indicates that heating copper(II) carbonate causes a ______________ change. B. Silver Nitrate and Copper Metal Unexposed to AgNO3 solution Exposed to AgNO3 solution Original 0.1M AgNO3 AgNO3 exposed to Copper Metal Appearance of Copper Metal Appearance of Solution sample + 3M NH4OH The evidence indicates that mixing silver nitrate and copper metal causes a _______________ change. C. Sodium Bicarbonate and Hydrochloric Acid Original NaHCO3 Solution NaHCO3 + Hydrochloric Acid Appearance sample + 0.1M Ca(NO3)2 The evidence indicates that mixing NaHCO3 and hydrochloric acid causes a _______________ change. D. Magnesium Ribbon and Heat Unburned Sample Burned Sample Appearance sample + 2M HCl (aq) The evidence indicates that the change from heating magnesium metal is a ________________ change. page 4 of 6 E. Ammonium Chloride and Heat Unheated Sample Heated Sample Appearance of the solid sample + AgNO3 The evidence indicates that the change from heating ammonium chloride is a ________________ change. F. Water and Electricity Give the formula for the liquid in the electrolysis apparatus: ___________________ What did you observe in this apparatus when electricity was applied? _____________________________ What did you observe when the gas(es) were exposed to a flame? _________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ Give the formula(s) for the gas(es) formed in the electrolysis apparatus: __________________________ Is the liquid the same substance with the same molecular formula as the gases? YES NO Explain how you know what the gases are based on what you observed when the gases were exposed to a flame. Thus, the electrolysis of water is a _________________ change. G. QUESTIONS AND MOLECULAR-LEVEL IMAGES Classify each change described below as chemical or physical based on the observations. 1. A sample of table salt is dissolved in a small glass of water. Consider if the dissolved sample tastes similar to the original solid to determine what kind of change occurred. The process of salt dissolving in water is a _______________ change. Explain your answer. 2. A white sample of solid potassium chlorate is heated strongly for 30 minutes. The sample melts, and bubbles of gas escape during the heating. Upon cooling, the heated sample is solid white. When a sample of unheated solid is dissolved in water and 10 drops of silver nitrate solution are added, the solution remains clear and colorless. When a sample of the heated solid is dissolved in water and treated with 10 drops of silver nitrate, the solution becomes very cloudy and white. Based on the results, heating potassium chlorate is a _______________ change. Support your answer based on the observations of adding silver nitrate. page 5 of 6 3. For each of the following sets of molecular-level images, indicate if the change shown is a chemical or a physical change. The first one has been completed as an example. A. These images represent a ____physical___ change. B. These images represent a _______________ change. C. These images represent a _______________ change. D. These images represent a _______________ change. 4. Give the letter for the set of images in #3 above that represents the descriptions below: _____ i. Water boiling: H2O(l) _____ ii. The electrolysis of water: 5.  H2O(g) 2 H2O(l)  2 H2(g) + O2(g) For each change below identify as physical or chemical in the blank. a. H2O2(l)  H2(g) + O2(g) ____________________ change b. CH4(g)  CH4(l) ____________________ change c. Br2(l)  Br2(g) ___________________ change d. 2 NH3(g)  N2(g) + 3 H2(g) ____________________ change page 6 of 6