Introduction to Oscilloscope Lab Report

Introduction to Oscilloscope and Multisim lab report INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this lab is to introduce students to the Oscilloscope and NI- Multisim software and help students understand the development of the circuit s and its stimulation. The students learned how to use the Oscilloscope and Multisim to create the stimulation of different waveforms and circuit analysis. Students use these two engineering tools to understand the behavior of the of a circuit and its electrical properties. Students learn stimulate and analyze the DC and AC circuits. The Oscilloscope and Multisim are powerful engineering tools that allow engineers to understand the behavior of electrical system accurately and effectively. Furthermore, engineers use these tools to analyze and compute the electricity or power. These Engineering Tools are used to design circuits for an electrical system and help to observe the circuit analysis. OBJECTIVE: Part 1:    Use the Agilent oscilloscope to generate multiple waveforms, such as the sine, square, and triangle waves Use the Agilent digital oscilloscope to measure waveforms Use the Agilent digital oscilloscope to measure the amplitude, frequency, wavelength, voltage, and time of the different waveforms Part 2    Use the Multisim digital software to create the desired circuit composed of a power source, a ground, and some resistors. Use the digital multimeters to compute the voltage and currents in the circuits Use the voltage sweep and current sweep functions to create a graph of the voltage and current over time. LIST OF EQUIPMENT USED IN THE EXPERIMENT 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Power supply Agilent Oscilloscope Function Generator Multisim Digital Software Digital Multimeter 1kΩ Resistors DIAGRAM AND EXPERIMENT SETUP Part 1: Agilent Oscilloscope Figure A The picture above is an oscilloscope running a sin wave function. In this picture the oscilloscope was used to find the voltage, amplitude, period, and frequency of a function with an AC power supply. We were asked to find the properties of the sin, square, and triangle wave. Part 2: Multisim Figure B Figure B is an image of the circuit setup used in this Lab. Using Multisim, we were asked to create a circuit consisting of 5 volts voltage source and three 1k-ohm resistors connected in parallel and series. We were asked to compute the voltage across each resistor and current through the circuits. Finally, we were asked to create the graph of the voltage sweep and current sweep using this circuit. THEORY AND EQUATIONS USED Oscilloscope The oscilloscope is a device used to draw graphs of voltage against time. This is helpful for plans and the maintenance of circuits in which voltages, frequency, period, phase shift, and additionally current change over time. It is, nonetheless, complex and we will focus on the functional strategies. Measuring Voltage and Current There were a few relevant theories that comes to mind while preforming this lab, a few important theories are Ohm's law, Kirchhoff’s current law, Kirchhoff’s Voltage law, Current Division, and Voltage Division. These theories are used evaluate a circuit’s behavior. They are useful and help compute the current and voltage within the circuit. Ohm’s Law states that the voltage drop across a resistor has a linear relationship to the current coursing through the resistor. Graphically this linear relationship is addressed by a line when the current through the resistor is plotted against the voltage across it. This graph is named I-V graph. A straight I-V graph demonstrates that the resistance of the devices stays consistent over a wide range of currents and voltages. For some electronic devices the resistance is not a constant and varies with the applied voltage and current. These devices have non-linear I-V attributes. In any case, the slope of the curve at some random point decides the resistance of the device for that specific current and voltage. Ohm’s Law V=IR Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) also known as The Junction Rule states that at any junction or node of a circuit, the sum of all current is equal to zero. The sum of the current entering the junction equal the sum of the currents leaving the junction. ΣIin= ΣIout i1 = i2 + i3 Kirchhoff’s Voltage law (KVL) also known as the Loop Rule states that around a closed path on a circuit the sum of all the electric potential difference is equal to zero. ΣV= 0 Now combining KVL and KCL we get ε1 − R1(i1) − R2(i3) − R3(i1) = 0 A parallel circuit goes about as a current divider as the current divides in every one of the branches in an equal circuit, and the voltage stays the same across them. The current division rule determines the current across the circuit impedance. In the current division rule, it is said that the current in any of the equal branches is equivalent to the ratio of opposite branch resistance to the total resistance, multiplied by the total current. I1= ((I* R2)/ (R1+ R2)) and I2= ((I* R1)/ (R1+ R2)) Where I is the current supplied by the source, I1 is the current going through resistor one, and I2 is the current traveling through resistor two. voltage division rule can be understood by considering a series circuit. In a series circuit, voltage is separated, while the current remains the same. Accordingly, the voltage across a resistor in a series circuit is equivalent to the value of that resistor times the total impressed voltage across the series components divided by the total resistance of the series element. V1 = ((V*R1)/ (R1+ R2)) and V2 = ((V*R2)/ (R1+ R2)) Where V is the voltage supplied by the source, V1 is the voltage across resistor one, and V2 is the voltage across resistor two. DATA AND OBSERVATION PART ONE: OSCILLOSCOPE Table 1 Table 1 represents the data obtain from observing different wave form using the oscilloscope during the experiment. The values of the amplitude, voltage, wavelength, time, and frequency that were computed during the experiment are displayed in this table. PART 2: MULTISIM Table 2. Voltage Drop Across Each Resistor Resistor (kΩ) R1 R2 R3 Voltage 3.33V 1.667V 1.667V Table 3. Current Across Each Resistor Resistor (kΩ) R1 R2 R3 Voltage 3.33mA 1.667mA 1.667mA Table 2 and 3 represents the data obtained when using the multisim digital engineering software to observe the circuit in the experiment, consisting of a 5 volts voltage source and three 1kΩ resistors. The values of the voltage and current that were attain using multisim are displayed in these tables. DATA ANALYSIS OR CALCULATIONS Part 1: Oscilloscope In part 2 of the experiment students must calculate the frequency and peak-to-peak voltage by hand. Then compare the results with the ones found using the oscilloscope. The period “T” and frequency “F” are found by equation (F= 1/T) T= 20*50, T= 1000µs F= 1/ 1000µs, F= 1kilohertz Vp-p= 20* 25, Vp-p= 500mV Now the results obtain using the oscilloscope The period “T” in the X-axis, ΔX= 1ms The frequency ( F= 1/ T),( 1/ ΔX)= 1kilohertz The Peak to peak voltage “ Vp-p”, ΔY(1)= 508.3mV The work done by hand were precise as they were close or the same as the results that were obtained using the oscilloscope. Part 2: Multisim Circuits Figure B In part 2 of the experiment, students must use the Multisim Software to analyze a circuit consisting of a 5 volts voltage source and three 1kΩ resistors. Student must find the voltage and current going through each resistor. Ohms’ Law V=I* R To calculate the voltage across each resistor we must first consider the equivalence resistance Req. the equivalent resistor is the combination of all the resistor within the circuit. The equivalence resistance from the circuit above is, Req= 1.5kΩ The equivalence resistance of the resistors connected in parallel is, Req’= 0.5kΩ Now to Calculate the voltage across each resistor we must consider the Voltage Divider Rule Therefore, the voltage across resistor one is, V1 = ((V* R1)/ (R1+ Req’)) V1= ((5V* 1kΩ)/ (1kΩ+ .5kΩ), V1= 3.33V The voltage across resistor two is V2 = ((V1*R2)/ (R2+ R3)) V2= ((3.3V* 1kΩ)/ (1kΩ+1kΩ), V2= 1.667V And the voltage across resistor three is, V3 = ((V1*R3)/ (R2+ R3)) V3= ((3.3V* 1kΩ)/ (1kΩ+1kΩ), V2= 1.667V Let’s begin computing the current passing through each resistor. We must first find the current passing through resistor one. Using the equivalent resistor, we will be able to solve for the current through resistor one “R1”. V= IR thus I= V/ R The current passing through I1 is the voltage of the source divided by the equivalent resistor. I1= V/ Req…. I1= 5V/ 1.5kΩ, I1= 3.3V The current through I2 is, I2= ((I1* R3)/ (R2+ R3)) I2= ((3.3V* 1kΩ)/ (1kΩ+ 1kΩ), I2= 1.667 The current through I3 is, I3= ((I1* R2)/ (R2+ R3)) I3= ((3.3V* 1kΩ)/ (1kΩ+ 1kΩ), I3= 1.667 RESULTS Part 1: Table 3. Frequenc Period y Experimental Value 1000µs 1kilohertz Theoretical value 1ms 1kilohertz Wave Sine Sine Vmax -500mV -489.8mV Part 2: Experimental Value Table 4 Resistors Units (kΩ) Voltage (mV) R1 1 3.33 3.33 R2 1 1.667 1.667 R3 1 1.667 1.667 Theoretical Values Table 5 Current (mA) Resistors Units (kΩ) Voltage (mV) R1 1 3.33 Current (mA) 3.33 R2 1 1.667 1.667 R3 1 1.667 1.667 Part 1: Oscilloscope Percent Error = (((Experiment Value)- (Theoretical Value))/ (Theoretical Value)) * (100) Percent Error= (((-489.8mV)- (-500mV))/ (500mV)) * (100), thus Percent Error= 2% Part 2: Multisim Percent Error= ((3.33)- (3.33))/ (3.33), thus Percent Error= 0 As a result, the experiment was a success. Due to the percent error of the Oscilloscope Experiment being 2% and the Multisim experiment being 0% means that here were little to no mistakes made when carrying-out the experiment nor was there any mistake present in the calculations. This experiment was created for the sole purpose of using and understanding both the oscilloscope tool and the multisim software. While being asked to analyze a DC Power Supplied Wave Graph with a given frequency using the oscilloscope, and analyzing a circuit with a given voltage source and three resistors using the multisim. The oscilloscope and multisim are useful engineering tools due to their ability to observe and analyze power or electricity within a circuit. After this experiment we was able to see that both the oscilloscope and multisim were accurate and precise in their analytical ability to understand the behavior of circuits. CONCLUSION In this lab students were introduced to the Oscilloscope equipment and the Multisim software. they are useful tools that allows engineers to efficiently analyze the behavior of circuits. In this lab there were two separate experiments carried out, one with the oscilloscope and the other with the multisim software. The Oscilloscope equipment was used to understand and analyze the different electrical waves operating at various frequencies. Additionally, the multisim was used to understand a given circuit system. It was used to understand the properties of a circuit and compute the voltages and currents in them. Multisim can also create various graphs and charts that display the behavior of the circuit. When comparing the results of the oscilloscope and multisim with the result obtained by hand calculation, the percent error that was found was 2% and 0% in comparison. It was clear that the two engineering tools were accurate and precise as there was little to no error present in the experiment or the calculations. I believe that the error found in this lab is due to the precision of the oscilloscope. Due to the fact it was difficult to position the lines at the vertex of each waveform. However, since the percent error is significantly small, it can be neglected. This experiment was a success and effectively demonstrate the use of the oscilloscope and multisim. Due to the result of the experiment being accurate and precise with neglectable percent error, illustrates the effectiveness of these engineering tools and their efficiency and usefulness in the engineering industry. APPENDIX Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 1 and 2 represents the sine wave graph at 1kilo-hartz and 33 kilo-hertz. The image displays the value of the function’s amplitude, voltage, wavelength, period, and frequency. Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 3 and 4 represents the square wave graph at 1kilo-hartz and 33 kilo-hertz. The image displays the value of the function’s amplitude, voltage, wavelength, period, and frequency. Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 5 and 6 represents the triangle wave graph at 1kilo-hartz and 33 kilohertz. The image displays the value of the function’s amplitude, voltage, wavelength, period, and frequency. Figure 7 Figure 7 represents the data collected for the circuit composed of the 5 volts voltage source and three 1kilo-ohm resistor source. Using multisim’s digital voltage source, resistors, ground, and multimeters I was able to find the current going through each resistor. Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) ΣIin= ΣIout i1 = i2 + i3 Current through resistor 1: I1= 3.333mA Current through resistor 2: I2= 1.667mA Current through resistor 3: I3= 1.667mA Figure 8 Figure 8 represents the data collected for the circuit composed of the 5 volts voltage source and three 1kilo-ohm resistor source. Using multisim’s digital voltage source, resistors, ground, and multimeters I was able to find the voltage across each resistor. Kirchhoff’s Voltage law (KVL) ΣV= 0 Now combining KVL, KCL, and Ohms Law we get ε1 − R1(i1) − R2(i3) − R3(i1) = 0 The voltage at the source; Vo= 5 volts The voltage across resistor 1 “R1”; V1= 3.333 volts The voltage across resistor 2 “R2”; V2= 1.667 volts The voltage across resistor 3 “R3”; V3= 1.667 volts Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 9 is the voltage sweep graph. The voltage sweep is a tool that allows one voltage source to sweep across multiple voltage values. The red line slope is the line of the The two graphs in figures 9 and 10 are the DC voltage sweep and the DC current sweep. The graph of the DC voltage sweep represents the slope of the voltage in the circuit within a duration of 1 second. Similarly, the DC current sweep graph also represents the current through the circuit in a duration of 1 second.