Organic Reaction Single Element Switch

Organic Reactions SINGLE ELEMENT SWITCH (Substitution: the replacement of a hydrogen by a HALOGEN in a CnH2n+2 hydrocarbon; also called SATURATED) Example: H-C-H + Cl₂ → H-C-Cl + HCl H-C-H + Cl₂ → H-C-Cl + HCl H-C-H Butane + Chlorine → Chlorobutane + HCl Addition: the adding of more atoms at the DOUBLE or TRIPLE bond of a hydrocarbon; changes the substance from UNSAT to SAT Example: H-C=C-H + Br₂ → H-C-Br-C-H H H Propene + Bromine → 1,2-Dibromopropane H-C=C-H + H₂ → H-C-H-C-H H H H H Butene + H₂ → Butane HYDROGENATION (this is a special case of addition called) COMPLETE the following: H-C-C-C-H + F₂ → H-C-C-C-F + HF H H H H H H H-C=C-H + Cl₂ → H-C-Cl-C-H H H Cl Cl Esterification: when an ALCOHOL combines with an ORG. ACID to form ESTER the "COOC" and water Example: H-C-C-OH + HO-C-C-C-H → H-C-C-O-C-C-C-H + H₂O | | | | | | | | H H H H H H H ethanol + propanoic acid → propyl ethanoate + H₂O Saponification: when an ester combines with an aqueous STRONG BASE to break apart into an ALCOHOL and ORG. ACID also known as SOAP-making Example: Ester + NaOH(aq) → Fatty acid + OH-OH-OH (Fat) Strong + H-C-C-C-H Base + H-C-C-C-H H-C-C-C-H 1,2,3 - Propanetriol (Glycerol) Fermentation: process of breaking down molecules of SUGAR; requires enzymes and produces ALCOHOL Example: C₆H₁₂O₆ (Glucose) + yeast → CO₂ + H-C-C-OH (Tiny + H bubbles) Ethanol Oxidation: the burning, or combustion, of hydrocarbons Examples: (write in products and balance!) COMPLETE: C₃H₈ + 5O₂ → 3CO₂ + 4H₂O INCOMPLETE: CH₄ + O₂ → C + H₂O C₈H₁₈ + O₂ → CO + H₂O (won't balance) Polymerization: chains of smaller units, called monomers, bonded together. Natural polymers: silk, protein, cellulose, starch Synthetic polymers: plastic, nylon, rubber A. Addition polymerization involves breaking of double bonds and joining the units together. Example: 1   1. two ethylene monomers (H₂C=CH₂) joining together to form a polyethylene chain (C₂H₄)n B. Condensation polymerization involves bonding monomers by a dehydration process between dihydroxy alcohols. Example: two molecules of ethylene glycol (HOCH₂CH₂OH) reacting to form polyethylene terephthalate (PET) with the release of a water molecule (H₂O) MATCHING: match the type of reaction with each description a. Addition 1. products are CO₂ and H₂O b. Hydrogenation 2. (chain) c. Substitution 3. product is ethanol (C₂H₅OH) d. Esterification 4. product is CO or C and H₂O e. Saponification 5. product is glycerol f. Fermentation 6. reactant is double bond; one product is single bond & halogens g. Complete oxidation 7. reactant is double bond; one product is now saturated w/H₂ h. Incomplete oxidation 8. reactant is single bond; two products with halogens i. Polymerization 9. reactants are acid and alcohol; product is a "COOC" IDENTIFY: the following reactions as one of the types listed below: a. fermentation b. hydrogenation c. saponification d. polymerization e. oxidation (complete) f. substitution g. esterification h. oxidation (incomplete) i. addition CH₄ + H₂ → No Reaction C₂H₄ + Br₂ → CH₃Br + HBr C₆H₁₂O₆ → zymase → 2C₂H₅OH + 2CO₂ HCOOH + CH₃OH → HCOOCH₃ + H₂O CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O CH₃COOH + CH₃CH₂OH → CH₃COOCH₂CH₃ + H₂O HCOOH + CH₃CH₂CH₂OH → HCOOCH₂CH₂CH₃ + H₂O C₂H₅C₂H₄(OH)₃ + 3NaOH → 3CH₃COONa + C₃H₅(OH)₃ (glycerol) C₉H₂₀ + 3O₂ → 3CO₂ + 4H₂O CH₄ + O₂ → C + H₂O RCOOH + ROH → RCOOR + H₂O C₂H₆ + Cl₂ → C₂H₅Cl + HCl C₂H₄ + H₂ → C₂H₆ C₂H₆ + 2Cl₂ → C₂H₄Cl₂ + 2HCl CH₂ = CH₂ + F₂ → CH₂ - CH₂ | | F F