Organic Molecules Worksheet

Organic Molecules Worksheet: Review Read through each section and answer the following questions Organic molecules are the molecules which exist in all living things. They are life's building Ыocks. AII things are formed from these organic molecules. There are four categories of organic molecules: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. 1. 2. How are organic molecule related to all living things? f!u!:t Name four categories of organic molecules which form the asis of all living things: 1 а. d. с. 10 Organic molecules have four fommon characteristf;Fir�t, they ar.e all carbon based, meaning they all contain carbon. They are formed from just а few elements which join together to form small molecules which join together, or bond, to form large molecules. The third characteristic of all organic molecules is that each is kind of organic molecule is built from а single type of building Ыосk. For example, the building Ыосk of carbohydrates is sugar, the building Ыосk of lipids is fatty acids, the building Ыосk of protein is amino acids and the building Ыосk of nucleic acids is the nucleotide. When these building Ыocks are joined together, they form а large molecule (polymer), just as bricks joined together form а wall. For example, sugars join together • • rm а carbohydrate. , (Jf 3. 4. AII of the organic molecules are based on which element? ---''=-f"---------Many times, the molecules join о form long chains with what kind of backbone? 5. 6. What is the building Ыосk of each of the four classes of organic molecules? а. The bu�ld�ng Ыocks of �a �bohydrates are ,.;,) (Yl,0 (g_ ,$��c1r(. 1 _ Ь. The bu1ld1ng Ыocks of l1p1ds are @•L6!t1.12Л() ( ?, tl.ilttis' . . . �4 , с. The building Ыocks of proteins are d. The building Ыocks of nucleic acids are Л,.1.,/(' /}д ':f:-c�lfl:J What is а polymer? {;,•и, R IJIL() {;1 1' ei /Lf ,(1 .(-/ S 6ttf4J о 7. о/ !!е 3/) 121:ech�j (,( 1 The last common character1stic of all organic molecules is that their form determines their function. That means that their shape determines how they will behave and how they will react with other molecules. For example, the order of amino acids in а protein will determine the shape and function of the protein just as the order of words in а sentence shapes the meaning of the sentence. What determ • olecules will look and behave? 'I '1 9. What are the four common characteristics of all organic molecules? СН20Н Carbohydrates 0 Carbohydrates are the most common organic molecule because they make up most plant matter. They are made from carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Their building Ыосk, а single sugar, is called а monosaccharide. Sugars (monosaccharides) consist of carbon rings. When two monosaccharides, or sugars, comblne, they form а disaccharide (di = two). When more than two monosaccharides join together, а polysaccharide (poly = many) is formed. ,or-1 1 О. What are the elements contained in carbohydrates? _С_.+1 -'IJ 1'-Q-------1 '-"--1 '-" 11. What is the building Ыосk of carb_ohydrates? 5111tfL.e 'J,A 12. What is а monosaccharide? >l11iJI;. cS(:fjдГ , а. What does а monosaccharide fook like? ('t1,{nf)J1 С . 1 = 13. What is а disaccharide? Ю )l/1ffl(,p s а (l с · r1лтJjfjf:J_; l{JlR 14. How does a polysaccharide differ from а i�1ac9haride? ,, / .. There are three classes of carbohydrate polysaccharides. The first is starch. Starch is а carbohydrate used in food storage in plants. Potatoes, pasta and rice are rich in starch. Starch�))�" are very valuaЫe because they provide а quick form of energy for the body. The second is glycogen. Glycogen is used for food storage in animals. The third is cellulose. Cellulose is used for structural support in plants (stems, leaves). 15. What a� �he three classes of carb9hyprates? 16. Which involves food storage in plants? _l_... ._· ,______________ 17. Which involves food storage in animals? --=-""'-'"-'-'"'-"J=�--�-------п '-1'D 18. What is cellulose used for? 19. Why would an athlete h.ave а. Ыg pasta dinner the nigh before а race? Sugars can Ье detected in foods through а simple lab test. То find out if а food contains �Jarch, iodine (а reagent) is placed on the food. А food containing starch will turn�hen in contact with iodine. А test for simple sugars involves mixing the food with а liquid БГuе reagent called Benedict's solution and then heating the mixtцre. If the food is ositive for simple sugars, the heating process�use the benedict's solution to tu red, orange, r green. Lipids are а class of organic molecules which includes fats and oils, and has the function of long-term storage of energy in the body. The building Ыосk of lipids is the fatty acid, which is а 1 hain of carbons with hydrogen attached to each side. The "head" of Saturated fats bave two carbons attached to each carbon (except the one at the end), are unhealthy fats usually from animal sources, and solid at room temperature. Unsaturated fats are missing at least one ,1f'1_ ··. drogen, are kinked in shape, are healthy and from plant sources, and liquid at room temperature. 21. Name two s ecific examples of lipids: 1 / JCil,..,"-'l �-=...,· _______ 1 22. Describe the structure of а fatty acid: (l!7i 0j (- (+- /L/, Ь. (?l.:J.a,J:i. Proteins Protё"ins are ь'rganic molecules that form muscles, transport 02 (hemoglobln), and act as hormones and enzymes. Most importantly, proteins determine how our bodies look and function. Their building Ыосk is the amino acid. Proteins are made of amino acids linked Ьу а peptide bond. When groups of amino acids are joined together, а protein is formed. 24. What !е some of the functions of pro!eins? -�.,[U.Jjdz:t.1:: / 'f:Ut /1 ('1'7 orf , _,.,,!,А zJ,f7!11f'(;/ г J {) l:l ,IJ,d)Цpfpл 7' (1.,lи(-;c;hr:dt а,1 /J,,//.if_j�ff'ft)Г") 25. What is the building Ыосk of proteins? {2{ , {;/ , 26. What is the name of the bond that joins amino acids? -'-'➔f""· ""'e-',pU =,. ,.,·""· '"""",,,,Ц:________ There are about 20 different kinds of amino acids. These amino acids consist of five 1 ( \tparate parts: а central carbon atom, а carboxyl group (-СООН), an amino group (-NH2), а hydrogen, and а 'R' group. The only difference in the 20 kinds of amino acids is the "R" group. Some "R" groups are very small, others are large, and others form chains and rings. The sequence and shapes of the "R" groups control the shape and function of ,�he protein. , 'J- С 27. How many different amino acids are there? 28. What part of_ the amino acid varies f�om one amino _acid to_ another? -�,,(,,h 29. What determ1nes the shape and funct1on of а prote1n? 2tf:/iЦtд,(! (� а . Q� f2 №cl,;, Ac;d, � The fourth class of organic molecules is the nucleic acids. This class involves the genetic materials, DNA and RNA. DNA is the Ыueprint of life because it contains instructions on how to make proteins in the body. Each individual's DNA is unique, which means that each individual has а unique set of proteins; that is why each of us looks and behaves differently. RNA creates а сору of DNA because DNA can't leave the cell's nucleus, and because proteins are constructed outside of the nucleus in the cytoplasm -- the RNA is necessary to carry the instructions from DNA to the (Oftoplasm where the protein is made. )_4__.,--__ {? AJA-- 30. What are the two types of nщ::leic acids? -={)'--1__,\J..,. r . v131. What is the role of DNA? �'-n�s�'f�YIA=f!.'�;ш5:= =, '�,��,L�S'--+-Нi , _.1�(= XL '·�t_' ,,,.l(J,� =t�,2?t-_, = -� _=,1!,J-: s... • -----"' ._.t'= ; [,) The monomer f nucleic aci s is the nucleotide. AII nuc • ic acids are formed from а series of these nucleotides. Nucleotides consist of three parts: а five-carbon sugar, а phosphate group•� i ) _ •.Jand а n,trogen base. . 33. What is the building Ыосk of nucleic acids? 34. What are the thre.e parts of this monomer? а. ь. - 0 ;, . .h /![ osp�1c1:ff v f1 (А tle[) h1iё s . с. �) --:lfJCl�/ • ThJ structure of DNA resemЫes th/з- of а twisted ladder, called а 'douЫe helix.' The rails (outside) of the DNA ladder are made from alternating sugars, called deoxyribose, and phosphates (sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate ... ). The rungs (inside) of the ladder are made of four different kinds of nitrogen containing bases, with one base hanging off of the sugar portion of each rail. The four nitrogen containing bases are: Adenine (А), Thymine (Т), Cytosine (С), and Guanine (G). The rails of the ladder are held together Ьу the nitrogen containing bases: from one rail-+ to the bases and from the bases-+ to the other rail = to form rungs. The bases from one side of the ladder attach to the bases hanging from the other side; this keeps the ladder together. The bases attach to one another in а very specific way: Adenine always attaches to Thymine, and Cytosine always attaches to Guanine. / 7 EJ/eA/ �=""''7 -� У. � ' .u "" __..""'· (1 ...CL. _....,.{t I4 _. ..:::,{j; ". _ 35. Describe the structure and shape of DNA: _'---1h,..1..L.�µ. '""',"-//' "" "" ""' -+-"с;"" 1 , /4 г . °' t!.S _ iP�;\ 36. What are the. rails of the ladder made of? 1 37. Wh°;!,?r,e the four differe=½nitrogen c�ntaining bpses?_ , ,,:,·_ d. /1) /с J,UZ, \ �,;; с . .dd [7), $1 ц1// V/1/ / 11 а. t:J(!_lji,;f) I f u] 38. What part of the ladder do thise bases form? c iq S ;; t2' _____________ z,"-1 ,., 39. Cytosine always pairs with what base? ....,c... 9.1,, tJ:..,4Jч�_.1_.11 '-'-"';... п ь. е ( оиа. пе /sщs RNA is very similar to DNA, except for а few differences. First, where the sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, the sugar in RNA is ribose. Second, where DNA is а douЫe helix, RNA has just one strand. Third, where the bases in DNA are С, G, А and Т, in RNA the bases are С, G, А and U. The U Uracil in RNA, and takes the place of the Т in DNA. Fourth, DNA cannot leave the nucleus of the cell and RNA can. =