Internal and External Challenges

Unit 4: Internal and External Challenges to State Power 1450-1750 Pueblo Revolt Fronde The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 was an uprising of most indigenous Pueblo people against the Spanish colonizers in Santa Fe de Nuevo México. The Fronde was a series of civil wars in France between 1648 and 1653. Africa, in the seventeenth century for nearly 30 years. The Pueblo Revolt was an Internal challenge to state power as it was a part of Spain The Fronde was an internal challenge to state power as France had an oppressive government. The Ana Nzinga Resistance was an external challenge to state power because it was an African woman who lead a revolution to stop trade of slaves. Who/what group was challenging the power of the state? One medicine man, Popé of the San Juanpueblo, embittered by imprisonment, believed himself commanded by the tribal ancestor spirits (kachinas) to restore the old customs; on Aug. 10, 1680, he led a full-scale revolt in which almost all the Pueblos participated. Cardinal de Richelieu and most of the French peoples. One of the great women rulers of Africa, Queen Anna Nzinga (circa 1581-1663) of Angola fought against the slave trade and European influence in the seventeenth century What were their demands and/or concerns? Consider social, political, and economic concerns. The uprising aimed to reclaim Pueblo religious practices, culture, and land, which had been stripped away by Spanish conquistadores. Although the Pueblo uprising ultimately failed to take back Santa Fe from Spanish colonizers, the Pueblo people made a lasting impact on the dominant culture of the Southwest The Fronde was in part an attempt to check the growing power of royal government. In 1624, Ana Nzinga inherited rule of Ndongo, a state to the east of Luanda populated primarily by Mbundu peoples. To achieve this, she allied Ndongo with Portugal, simultaneously acquiring a partner in its fight against its African enemies and ending Portuguese slave raiding in the kingdom. When and where did it occur? Internal or external challenge to state power? What were the results? Were the challenges successful or not? What were the long-term outcomes? ● ● ● The Spaniards reconquered New Mexico twelve years later. The Pueblo Revolt gained the Pueblo people a measure of freedom from future Spanish efforts to eradicate their culture and religion following the reconquest. Moreover, the Spanish issued substantial land grants to each Pueblo and appointed a public defender to protect the rights of the Native Americans and argue their legal cases in ● ● In the long-term, the Fronde served to strengthen royal authority and led to absolute monarchy in France after the victory of the French King over the Fronde. Its failure prepared the way for the absolutism of Louis XIV's personal reign. Ana Nzinga’s Resistance ● ● ● After 25 years of conflict, Nzinga made peace with the Portuguese. The Peace Treaty ultimately gave more to Portugal than Ana Nzinga gained. In later centuries, the Portuguese would completely conquer Angola from the lands they gained in the peace treaty. the Spanish courts. Metacom’s War/King Phillip’s War When and where did it occur? ● ● King Philip's War—also known as the First Indian War, the Great Narragansett War or Metacom's Rebellion—took place in southern New England from 1675 to 1676. King Philip’s War was an armed conflict in 1675–1678 between indigenous inhabitants of New England and New England colonists. Maroon Societies ● ● ● Internal or external challenge to state power? ● ● ● Who/what group was challenging the power of the state? ● The colonist army burned villages as they went, killing women and children. The war decimated the Narragansett, Wampanoag and many smaller tribes, paving the way for additional English settlements. Thousands were killed, wounded or captured and sold into slavery or indentured servitude. ● New England colonists and their indigenous allies. ● ● ● ● North American Slave Resistance Jamaica had a growing slave population throughout this time period. In 1655, the British took control of the land forcing the Spanish out. As Spanish slave owners fled, many slaves escaped and formed settlements called Maroons. The New York Slave Revolt of 1712 was an uprising in New York City, in the Province of New York, of 23 enslaved Africans. The Stono Rebellion was a slave revolt that began on September 9, 1739, in the colony of South Carolina. ● They ran away from their Spanish-owned plantations when the British took the Caribbean island of Jamaica from Spain in 1655. As the Maroon population grew, the Jamaican government decided to defeat the Maroons once and for all. They were seen as a constant threat by the government ● The obvious effects of a slave rebellion are crackdowns on slaves such as the widespread violent reprisals that led to hundreds of deaths of both slaves and free people of color following the Nat Turner Revolt (Higginson, 1889), but there may be some less obvious results. bands of communities or fugitive slaves who had succeeded in establishing a society of their own in some remote areas, where they could not easily be surprised by soldiers or slave catchers. Maroon societies had several degrees of stability ● Slaves who had been captured and sold. ● Nat Turner's Rebellion, also known as the Southampton Insurrection, was a rebellion of enslaved Virginians that took place in Southampton County, Virginia, in August 1831, led by Nat Turner. The Gloucester County Rebellion in 1663 was the first slave revolt in the British American colonies. African slaves forged an alliance with white indentured servants in a rebellion to demand freedoms. What were their demands and/or concerns? Consider social, political, and economic concerns. ● What were the results? Were the challenges successful or not? What were the long-term outcomes? ● ● ● English settlers continued to move into Wampanoag lands, despite previous treaties. Several Wampanoag were hanged for violating laws not found within their tribe. ● Ultimately the Peace Treaty of Casco was signed between the natives and colonists. Unfortunately, the colonists continued to violate the terms of the treaty by stealing additional native land. ● ● ● The Maroons were to govern themselves. In return, they would support the British government in Jamaica against foreign invasion and would help capture rebel slaves and runaways from the plantations and return them to their owners. ● They wanted freedom and equal rights Revolts led by maroon communities had some success but were ultimately squashed. There were groups of Maroons in Jamaica that were coerced into collaborating with Spanish militias in opposition to British incursions to Jamaica that eventually switched sides when Spain was failing there and signed a treaty with Britain. ● The revolt in Virginia failed and had serious consequences. In order to prevent white and black oppressed groups from conspiring, the Virginia government wielded racist policies to drive a wedge. They gave lower-class white workers some rights to appease them and prevent further chaos. Black slaves remained enslaved for 200 more years. ● ● Explain the effects of the development of state power from 1450 to 1750. State expansion and centralization led to resistance from an array of social, political, and economic groups on a local level. As land empires and European maritime empires expanded and centralized, various local movements rose to challenge the expansion and power of states. Additionally, slaves challenged authorities in the Americas through rebellion and establishing communities of those who had escaped slavery. The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 was an uprising of most indigenous Pueblo people against the Spanish colonizers in Santa Fe de Nuevo México.The Fronde was a series of civil wars in France between 1648 and 1653. The Mughal Empire and Maratha fought the Mughal-Maratha Wars in South Asia from 1680 to 1707. This war began in 1680 when Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb invaded the Maratha territory in Bijapur. King Philip’s War was an armed conflict in 1675–1678 between indigenous inhabitants of New England and New England colonists. Enslaved peoples in the Americas did not just submit to slavery. Across North and South America and the Caribbean, slaves engaged in both passive and active resistance. A slave rebellion is an armed uprising by enslaved people to fight for their freedom. Rebellions of enslaved people have occurred in nearly all societies that practice slavery or have practiced slavery in the past. Many of the events, however, are often violently opposed and suppressed by slaveholders.