Islamic Empires Graphic Organizer

Unit 1, Topic 1.2: Developments in the Dar al-Islam from c. 1200 - c. 1450 AMSCO pgs. 76-80 Seljuk Empire Geographic Location and Dates they maintained power Social ● ● ● ● Social classes & social hierarchy Who has power in society? Gender roles and relations/patriarchy Family and kinship Political ● ● ● Type of government Role of the government Who rules? How do they maintain power? Interactions with the Environment ● ● How did the environment shape and/or impact this society? Patterns of settlement Cultural ● ● ● Religions, Belief systems, philosophies, & ideologies The arts and architecture Written works, theater, plays Economic ● ● ● Agricultural and pastoral production Trade and commerce Labor systems Central Asia and the Middle East. Maintained power between 1040 and 1157. The social hierarchy was Sultan (military leader), Amirs (governors), and Begs (regional commanders). The Seljuk leader, or sultan has power in society. Women had equal rights and social status to men. The Seljuk Empire was based on a monarchy ruled by a sultan, who maintained his power via amirs, nomadic military regimes and ulumas, Muslim clerics who gained power through influence. The Seljuk Empire conquered parts of the Middle East to Western China. Nomads in Central Asia adopted to ecological circumstances as there was inadequate rain to sustain large-scale agriculture. They also maintained caravan routes and traded cultural items. The Seljuk Turks had converted to Islam and recognized the Abbasid Caliph. Via conquered territories and state-building, they sought to reinvigorate Sunni Islam. Additionally, they also influenced literature, architecture, and religion, as well as modeling art after their culture. The Seljuk Empire crafted a new economy that utilized Byzantine trade routes and manufacturing skills of their subjects. They executed land and maritime commerce, constructing caravansaries for protection. Mamluk Sultanate Egypt. Maintained power from 1250 to 1517. Mamluks were the “True Lords”, Imams and Muezzins were the spiritual elite, Hajjis were those who traveled to Mecca and had Immense wealth/influence, Muslims were subdivided into traders, artisans, and farmers, Dhimmi were non-Muslims who paid a Jizya, and Ghilmans were dark slaves from Africa with constrained freedom. Furthermore, male offspring were prohibited from inheriting Mamluk status, whereas females could via marriage. The Mamluk Sultanate was commanded by a military caste of mamluks led by the sultan. After the Abbasid era, mamluks won political control of several political states and established a dynasty that governed Egypt and Syria from 1250-1517. Agriculture was the principal source of food and revenue for the Mamluk Sultanate. However, natural disasters and hazards prejudicially impacted agriculture. For example, this led to a diminishment in agricultural yields and crop prices. This devastated agricultural activities and caused major economic loss. Upon entering the Mamluk Sultanate, mamluks converted to Sunni Islam and were taught Arabic, though they were tolerant of other religions. The architecture of the Mamluk Sultanate was characterized by multifunctional complexes, mosques, and sabils. Since the Quran emphasized artistic elaboration, there were many decorative arts such as enameled and gilded glass, inlaid metalwork, woodwork, textiles, and glass lamps. The Mamluk economy was comprised of the state economy and the free market economy. The Mamluks centralized the economy by organizing the state bureaucracy. The monetary system, however, was highly Delhi Sultanate North India. Maintained power from the 13th to the 16th century. The social structure of the Delhi Sultanate was categorized into four groups. From the highest to lowest rank, they were nobles (aristocrats), priests, townspeople, and peasants. The nobles included the sultan and his relatives. The government of the Delhi Sultanate was a centralized, democratic entity that was based on the laws of the Shariat. The Sultan ruled the government and the administrative units were Iqta, Shiq, Paragana, and Gram. The Sultan was the head and commander-in-chief of the government where political, economic, and military power was vested in him. The Bubonic Plague was transmitted along the Silk Road which eliminated most of the population. Furthermore, the little Ice Age resulted in famine, disease, and death. The predominant religion was Sunni Islam. The Delhi Sultanate had IndoIslamic architecture, which combined elements from Islam and Hinduism. During the Delhi Sultanate, the Hindustani language emerged, the lingua franca of its period. The principal source of income was land revenue for administration, known as Kharaj which was paid by peasantries, as well as the Jaziyah on non-Muslims. Furthermore, agriculture formed the ● Tax collection and purposes Technology ● ● ● ● Human adaptation and innovation Farming/agricultural implements Instruments that improve/expedite trade Methods of production Camels, mules, and horses transported their goods, while they traveled in ships to medieval Europe. The Seljuk Empire continued to oversee the Golden Age of Islam. The Seljuk Empire constructed vast madrassahs, mosques, hospitals, inns, bridges, and roads. Seljuk architecture incorporated muqarnas, ogival archways, and ceramic tiling. unstable. The hisbah supervised the market with a muhtasib in charge of the body and a qadi, or Muslim scholar would occupy the post. The Mamluk Sultanate did not develop any new technological innovations because it was led my former slaves who were predominantly nomads and lived an agrarian lifestyle. occupation of the majority of the citizens. Under the Delhi Sultanate, there arose major advancements in textile technology, such as improvements in ginning, carding, and spinning. Additionally, there was a greater use of mechanical technology and the spinning wheel was innovated. The Growing World of Islam, 900–1500 Describe Muslim Spain Al-Andalus was the Islamic city in Spain and was multicultural as it contained Muslims, Christians, and Jews. This was the golden age of learning because Islamic scholarship, scientific innovations, and knowledge transferred from India and China. This was ultimately the foundation for the Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution in Europe. Advances in Literature Advances in Medicine Advances in Math Nasir al-Did al-Tusi created trigonometry as a separate subject. ‘A’isha al-Ba’uniyya composed more works in Arabic than any other women prior to the twentieth century. Ibn Sina made advances in pharmacology and clinical practice.