Music Appreciation - Notes From the Book and Inquizative

Chapter 11 Choral music is sung around the world, both for religious purposes (sacred music) and for nonspiritual (secular) - Chorus= Fairly large body of singers who perform together - Usually sung in several voice parts - Choir= Often connected with a church or with the performance of sacred music, a small, specialized vocal ensemble String players depend on the conductor, or sometimes the concertmaster, to make their bowing strokes uniform Chapter 12 A way musical works are identified in the Western art music tradition is through a cataloging system, often described by opus number, referring to Latin for “work” Genre= refers to the work’s overall character and function Form refers to the work’s structure Although Western art music is distinguished from vernacular or popular music, the lines between these traditions is often blurred Chapter 13 The Western world has privileged classical music that is notated or recorded over that shared by oral transmission The canon of Western classical music as it exists today is represented by: - Music journalism - Online playlist - Album releases Canons can help preserve the past, but they can also continually develop and be more inclusive as they find new ways of engaging with repertories, highlighting previously excluded individuals and traditions, as well as the new music that is being created in the present Chapter 14 You will have a better chance of perceiving individual elements if you listen to a musical work several times Sometimes the genre of a given work is best determined by the performing forces and helpful titles PRELUDE 2 476- Fall of the Roman Empire 800- Charlemagne crowned Holy Roman Emperor 1150- Hildegard founds the monastery in Rupertsberg, Germany 1163- Construction begins on Notre Dame in Paris 1200- Notre Dame organum composed 1271- Marco Polo travels to the Far East 1348- Black Death strikes in Europe 1360’s- Guillaume de Machaut composés Messe de Notre Dame 1455- Gutenberg Bible printed 1480’s- Josquin des Prez writes motet Ave Maria, dedicated to the Virgin 1492- Columbus lands in the New World 1504- Michelangelo completes the sculpture David 1517- Martin Luther launches the Protestant Reformation 1551- Tielman Susato published Danserye, a book of dances 1554- Palestrina presents his earliest printed Mass to Pope Julius 1559- Elizabeth I crowned queen in England John Farmer issues the madrigal Fair Phyllis 1602- Shakespeare’s Hamlet produced 1603- Claudia Monteverdi publishes his fourth madrigal book Our understanding of the musical culture of ancient civilizations is limited by the few fragments of music that have survived Trouveres & Troubadours developed the first notated tradition of secular song Venice was the main European part for cultural exchange of Eastern luxuries The earliest polyphony added one or more musical lines to plainchant and was known as organum The Middle Ages spans nearly one thousand years The Notre Dame Cathedral was one of the first centers for the development of polyphony by some of the first named composers of the Western tradition, Leonin and Perotin. Trade flourished in the later Middle Ages when a merchant class arouse outside of feudal society Chapter 15 Responsorial singings= Exchanges between a soloist and a group of singers Neumatic= Small groups of notes sung to a syllable of text Syllabic= One note sung to a syllable of text Melismatic= Many notes sung to a syllable of text Liturgy= Set order of services and structure of each service Ordinary= Texts that remain the same Proper= Texts that vary from day to day depending on the church calendar Both Judaism and Christianity use the Old Testament Book of Psalms - In the Roman Catholic Church, they are central to the daily Offices To help singers remember the chant melody, ascending and descending symbols called neumes were added above the text to suggest melodic contour Hildegard of Bingen was of German descent The text of the Kyrie is from the Ordinary of the Mass, and is part of the central-Mediterranean Christian tradition. The three-part form symbolizes the Trinity: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit The Arabic made, or scale type called maqam defines not only pitches in the melody but also patterns of embellishments