Development of Formal Corrections - The Code of Hammurabi (1780 B.C.E) - The first legal code of Western civilization includes the principle of “lex talionis” (“an eye for an eye”) - Punishment during the Middle Ages - Some of the first correctional institutions were developed during the Medieval Period including monastic confinement, bridewells, and houses of corrections - Charles-Louis de Secondat Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755) - Early founder of the classical school of criminology who advocated moderation in Punishment - Cesare Bonesana Beccaria (1738-1794) - Early criminologist who advocated that punishment should be public, immediate, and Necessary - Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) - Early criminologist who believed that the law should accomplish the utilitarian purpose Of the protection of society - Late Nineteenth-Century Development of positivism - A philosophical system that holds that assumptions about the natural world must be Able to be proven scientifically, logically, or mathematically - The social world operates according to laws like the physical world - Adopted to explain the cause of crime in society Early Prison Reform - Early prisons were harsh environments for convicted felons. There was no hope for pardon, And felons faced extreme, demeaning conditions of confinement - Isolation, physical punishment, mental breakdowns, self-mutilations, and suicide - The eighteenth century marked the reform of the early prison system and was initiated by Several influential contributors - John Howard (1726-1790) - English sheriff who is noted as the first prison reformer - Advocated for more humane and sanitary conditions in jails and prisons throughout England - Alexander Maconochie (1786-1860) - Served as director of the prison colony in Australia and set up the “mark” system - A system by which brutal treatment was discouraged, and convicts were Awarded “marks” to encourage efforts and thrift. Sentences were in stages and Degrading treatment reduced - Walter Crofton (1815-1897) - A prison reformer who developed the Irish mark system, which eventually spread to The United States and influenced the development of parole Pennsylvania vs. Auburn Penitentiaries - Pennsylvania prison reformers are noted as the first major innovators of penal reform and Constructing penitentiaries - Penitentiary - A prison in which persons found guilty of a felony are isolated from normal Society - Eastern State - A fortress-like prison in Philadelphia consisting of seven wings that become a Model for prisoners in several European countries - The Pennsylvania models - A penal system based on the belief that most prisoners would benefit from the Experience of incarceration Auburn Penitentiary - A western New York town that constructed a prison in 1816, known for its maximum Security and harsh treatment of convicted felons - Auburn prison officials were committed to the idea of solitude as being essential to Maintain discipline, as exampled by the “Auburn Cellblock” in which inmates were made to Endure great suffering Reformatory/Rehabilitation Model - Prison operations that focus on rehabilitation through many processes, such as Indeterminate sentencing, the payment of inmates for work, the supervision of inmates In the community, a system of behavior modification, and the development of parole - Out of the rehabilitation model movement came the “medical model” – this advocated The idea that criminality is a sickness that can be cured through psychological intervention Why Do We Punish? - Punishing law violators provides beneficial consequences - Punishment is deserved - Punishment expresses public outrage - Punishment teaches a lesson - Punishment helps maintain the government, the social structure, and society Goals and Philosophy of Punishment - General deterrent effect - Punishing one offender discourages another from committing similar acts - Specific deterrence - Offender will decide against repeat offending after experiencing punishment for that Offense - Incapacitation - Isolating offender to protect society Goals of Punishment - Selective incapacitation - Identifying high-rate offenders and providing for their long-term incarceration - Rehabilitation - Providing offender with services and programs that assist in changing character, Attitudes, or behaviors that contribute to criminal propensities - Evidence-based programs - Analysis of programs to discover what works with various offenders - Restorative justice - Making amends to the victim or society for the harm resulting from a Criminal offense - Restitution - Offenders repayment to society and victims for losses, expenses, and Damages that result from their crime The Correctional System - The correctional system was designed to - Confine - Manage - Rehabilitate - Over 7 million people under correctional control - 2.2 million currently incarcerated - The United States has 5% of the world’s population – but has roughly 25% of its prisoners