University:
Kentucky State University
Course:
ENG 216 | Technical Writing
Academic year:

2019
Views:

64

Pages:

37
Author:

Nicole Wang

Lecture 5: Main Text Main Text     Test Procedure Section Format of Analysis Description Symbols Section Errors and precision Main Text 1.Test Procedure Section 1- Begin with an introductory paragraph that describes the kind of data obtained in the program. 2- Describe clearly the conditions studied in a few sentences and state your reasons for selecting these particular conditions. Main Text 3- Your test procedures should be described in enough detailed that your readers can judge the value of the results and could repeat the experiment. 4- If the procedures are described in detail in other publications, reference them and only briefly describe the major steps. Main Text 5- You have to include enough description to give an overall picture of the operation. A unique operation will require more detail. 6- Make sure if your calculations performed based on conventional or no conventional methods. Main Text  If the calculations performed are conventional , reference the type of analysis made and include the final equations used.  Non conventional methods are described in detail (if they are complex and lengthy use an appendix) Main Text 2. Format of Analysis Description  Presenting results based on a theoretical analysis required you to replace the experimental description section by a section that might be entitled “Analysis Section”. The Analysis section in the main text then includes:  A statement of the problem.  The assumptions and limitations of the analysis.  A brief description of the general analytical method. (Refer your readers to the appendix for details.) Main Text   The following notes should be taken seriously in preparing an Analysis section: Equations must be centered between margins and set off from the text by spacing. The introductory material should be presented in correct grammatical form and may be followed by a colon, a comma, or no mark of punctuation. Main Text  Good attention should be paid to the Equations in terms of: – – – – – Their numbering Their identification A brace may be used to connect a group of equations with same number. Equations in appendixes are usually numbered according to the appendix in which they appear.(A1,A2) When a numbered equation is repeated, it must retain two things:   Its original number. Its exact form. Examples Examples Examples Examples Examples Example: Discussion: Subdivided    The discussion contains an analysis of the technical issues important to the report. It supports the main issues of the report by providing evidence and explanations. It should be subdivided into topics, each with a subheading as follows: ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION TECHNICAL ANALYSIS – –  SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION – –      Frequency Domain Analysis of Nonlinear Feedback Systems in Continuous Time. The Effects of Sampling in Feedback Loop. The System System Analysis RESULTS CONCLUSIONS RECOMMENDATIONS APPENDIX A – DESCRIBING FUNCTIONS APPENDIX B – FEEDBACK PROGRAMM Main Text 3. Symbols Section    Use consistent mathematical notation throughout a report. If only a few symbols are used, define each in the text as it first occurs. If many symbols are used, group their definitions in a separate section entitled “Symbols”. Main Text    This section directly follows the introduction or is either the first or the last appendix. Make a symbols list an appendix when it contains more than 30 symbols. Symbols should be listed in alphabetical order with English symbols preceding Greek symbols, capital symbols precede corresponding lowercase ones, and these are followed by subscripts and then superscripts. Example: Greek symbols Subscript and superscript Main Text   Acronyms , initialisms, abbreviations , and the symbols for chemical elements and compounds should be defined at their first occurrence in the Summary and again in the main text because they are not defined in the symbols section. Abbreviate units after numbers (5 m), but write them out otherwise.( meters) Examples Acronyms : CIS : Computer Information System  Abbreviation : Mr. :Mister Dr. : Doctor  Initials : Ahmed M. RADI : MOHAMMED  Examples Chemical Element : Ag , Na , Ca  Chemical Compound : NaCl , CO2 ,NH3  Main Text 4. Errors and Precision Reports which are concerned with numerical values then  Accuracy  Precision  Reproducibility Of the data presented must be clearly stated, and discrepancies within the data should be explained. Main Text    Accuracy usually denotes the absolute correctness of the determination. Precision generally denotes the extent to which a result is free from random accidental errors. Note: A result can be very precise (i.e., all measurements agree) but also inaccurate because of inherent errors in measurements. Reproducibility denotes the agreement, or lack thereof, between values obtained in like determinations at different times during the test program. Poor reproducibility may be the result of either the precision or the accuracy. Accuracy : How close a measurement to the accepted value Precision: How close together or how repeatable the results are (Range , Standard Deviation) Good accuracy good precision An example of a sensor with GOOD accuracy and GOOD precision  Suppose a lab refrigerator holds a constant temperature of 38.0 F. A temperature sensor is tested 10 times in the refrigerator. The temperatures from the test yield the temperatures of: 38.0, 38.0, 37.8, 38.1, 38.0, 37.9, 38.0, 38.2, 38.0, 37.9. This distribution does show a tendency toward a particular value (high precision) and is very near the actual temperature each time (high accuracy). Poor accuracy good precision An example of a sensor with BAD accuracy and GOOD precision:  Suppose a lab refrigerator holds a constant temperature of 38.0 F. A temperature sensor is tested 10 times in the refrigerator. The temperatures from the test yield the temperatures of : 39.2, 39.3, 39.1, 39.0, 39.1, 39.3, 39.2, 39.1, 39.2, 39.2. This distribution does show a tendency toward a particular value (high precision) but every measurement is well off from the actual temperature (low accuracy). High accuracy poor precision An example of a sensor with GOOD accuracy and BAD precision: Suppose a lab refrigerator holds a constant temperature of 38.0 F. A temperature sensor is tested 10 times in the refrigerator. The temperatures from the test yield the temperatures of: 37.8, 38.3, 38.1, 38.0, 37.6, 38.2, 38.0, 38.0, 37.4, 38.3. This distribution shows no impressive tendency toward a particular value (lack of precision) but each value does come close to the actual temperature (high accuracy). Poor accuracy poor precision example of a sensor with BAD accuracy and BAD precision: Suppose a lab refrigerator holds a constant temperature of 38.0 F. A temperature sensor is tested 10 times in the refrigerator. The temperatures from the test yield the temperatures of: 39.4, 38.1, 39.3, 37.5, 38.3, 39.1, 37.1, 37.8, 38.8, 39.0. This distribution shows no tendency toward a particular value (lack of precision) and does not acceptably match the actual temperature (lack of accuracy). Main Text   A discussion of accuracy should contain an analysis of possible errors involved in individual measurements and how these errors are reflected in the final results. This generally expressed as the “maximum probable error”. A discussion of precision usually involves comparisons of duplicate results, and the precision is generally expressed in terms of a “deviation”. Main Text Use standard methods of computing probable errors and deviations whenever possible, and indicate for your reader the method used. Main Text Practical example: Case Study The following is a part of your input data. You are required to calculate the following measures: The Range The Mean (Average) The Standard Deviation After calculation you should discuss your results in relation to the Accuracy and Precision. Data: - (32, 71, 64, 50, 48, 63, 38, 41, 47, 52).  Solution Range = The largest value – the smallest one = 71 – 32 = 39 Mean (Average) = Sum of the values / the values number X = 506 / 10 = 50.6

Lecture 5 Main Text

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