Start Fire Team Operations Lecture Notes

START FIRE TEAM OPERATIONS START MARINE RIFLE SQUAD / TEAM MISSION STATEMENT In May 1944, Headquarters, Marine Corps standardized the 13-man rifle squad, which has remained the standard unit organization into the 21st century based on its flexibility and effectiveness. The mission for a Marine Corps rifle squad is to locate, close with, and destroy the enemy by fire and maneuver, or repel the enemy’s assault by fire and close combat. This mission consists of offensive and defensive elements. < To locate, close with, and destroy,= refers to the offensive element of the Marine rifle squad while < Or repel the enemy’s assault,= refers to the defensive element. SQUAD LEADER The potential firepower of a Marine squad is conservatively estimated at 400 well-aimed rifle and automatic rifle shots per minute with an additional 15 rounds from the grenade launchers. The squad composition is:  One squad leader (sergeant)  Three fire teams of 4 Marines    The squad leader is equipped with: M4 service rifle OKC-3S bayonet Compass The squad leader takes position where they can best carry out the orders of the platoon commander and control and observe the squad. Squad Leader’s Responsibilities The squad leader carries out the orders issued by the platoon commander. Responsibilities include:  Squad discipline  Appearance  Training  Control  Conduct  Welfare of troops  Care, condition, and economical use of weapons and equipment In combat, the squad leader is also responsible for:  Tactical employment  Fire discipline  Fire control  Maneuver THE FIRE TEAM The fire team was created with the advantage of being an independent maneuver element centered around an automatic weapon. Each of the four Marines who make-up the fire team have specific assignments.  A fire team leader/grenadier (corporal)  Automatic rifleman (lance corporal)  Assistant automatic rifleman (lance corporal)  Rifleman (private) Fire Team Leader A corporal often serves as the fire team leader/grenadier. The senior fire team leader will often serve as an assistant squad leader and assumes the duties of the squad leader in the squad leaders absence. Equipped with:  M16/M4 service rifle  M203 grenade launcher  OKC-3S bayonet  Compass The fire team leader is responsible for:  Maintaining communications with the squad leader  Fire discipline and control  Condition, care, and economical use of weapons and equipment The fire team leader takes position to best observe and control the fire team. Normally, the leader is close enough to the automatic rifleman to exercise effective control of fires. Automatic Rifleman The senior lance corporal on the team, the automatic rifleman, is normally able to accomplish the tasks of the rifleman and assistant automatic rifleman. This automatic rifleman can be equipped with one of the following:  M27 infantry automatic rifle (IAR) with OKC-3S bayonet  M249 squad automatic weapon (or SAW) with combat knife (or Ka-Bar) The automatic rifleman is responsible for:  Carrying out the team leader’s orders  Effective employment of the automatic rifle  The use of field expedient firing aids  The condition and care of the automatic rifle and equipment  Assuming the duties of the fire team leader in the event of the fire team leaders absence Assistant Automatic Rifleman The assistant automatic rifleman assists in the employment of the automatic rifle and is able to accomplish all of the tasks of the rifleman. The assistant automatic rifleman is equipped with:  M16/M4 service rifle  OKC-3S bayonet The assistant automatic rifleman is responsible for:  Carrying out the fire team leader’s orders  The effective employment of their service rifle  Carrying additional magazines and ammunition boxes for the automatic rifle  The condition and care of their weapon and equipment  Being prepared to assume the duties of the automatic rifleman Rifleman The rifleman is usually the junior Marine on the team. At this entry level position, the Marine learns to master their role in the fire team that will allow them to accept increasing levels of responsibility. The rifleman is equipped with:  M16/M4 service rifle  OKC-3S bayonet The rifleman is responsible for:  Carrying out the orders of the fire team leader  Effectively employing the rifle  The condition and care of their weapon and equipment  Serving as a squad scout          FIRE TEAM WEAPONS M16 / M4: Marines are trained to fire 10 to 12 well-aimed shots per minute. Difficulties encountered in battle usually make a slower rate of fire advisable. Under conditions of reduced visibility, the rifle can be used to deliver pre-planned fire by constructing a simple rest for the weapon. M203: The 40mm grenade launcher helps bridge the gap between direct and indirect fire assets. It provides the fire team leader with the ability to cover dead space within the sector of fire. The M203 is effective at stopping vehicles, but can also be used to deliver point fire on caves, bunkers, and windows. The fire team leaders can also use it to illuminate and mark targets. M249 SAW / M27 IAR: The increased rate of fire of the automatic rifle provides the bulk of each Marine fire team’s firepower without sacrificing maneuverability. The automatic rifle is particularly valuable against targets such as machine guns and other automatic weapons. At the start of a fire fight, the rapid rate of fire is used to gain superiority and fix the enemy. Thereafter, the rate of fire should be slowed to sustained rate to maintain superiority. M16 / M4 Characteristics  It fires a 5.56 mm ball, tracer, or blank cartridge.  It is a magazine-fed, gas-operated, shoulder-fired weapon.  It is capable of delivering a rate of fire of 45-rounds per minute on semi-automatic or 90-rounds per minute on three round burst.  The M16 has a maximum effective range of 550 meters against point targets or 800 meters against area targets.  The M4 has a maximum effective range of 500 meters against a point target and 600 against area targets. M203 Characteristics The M203 is a single shot, 40 mm grenade launcher that is mounted to the M16 service rifle or the M4 carbine. The M203:  Is capable of firing training practice rounds, high explosive (including high explosive dual purpose and air burst), riot control and signaling (smoke), multiple projectile (tactical CS and buckshot), and non-lethal low velocity cartridges.  Is lightweight, compact, and has breech loading and pump action.  Has a maximum effective range of 150 meters against a point target and 350 meters against an area target. M249 SAW Characteristics  It fires a 5.56 mm ball, tracer, or blank round linked together in a 200-round ammo box, or in the case of an emergency it can use 30-round magazines from the M16 / M4.  It is gas-operated , air-cooled, and can be fired from the shoulder, underarm, or bipod-steadied positions.  The M249 has a rapid rate of fire of 200-rounds per minute with a sustained rate of fire of 85 rounds per minute.  Has a maximum effective range of 800 meters against a point target and 1000 meters against an area target. M27 Infantry Automatic Rifle (IAR) Characteristics The M27 was adopted by the Marine Corps in 2011 and replaced the M249 light machine gun as the squad’s automatic weapon. The IAR:  Is an air-cooled, gas-operated, shoulder-fired weapon.  Is magazine-fed and fires the same ammunition as the M16 / M4.  Has a rapid rate of fire of 700-900 rounds per minute with a sustained rate of fire of 36 rounds per minute.  Has a maximum effective range of 550 meters against a point target and 700 meters against an area target. COMBAT FORMATIONS Combat formations and signals enable the leader to control the movement and the fires of the unit. These formations are similar to playbooks used by football teams and prevent confusion during the conduct of the mission. The patrol leader determines the formation that the unit will use to move throughout the patrol. The factors influencing the leader’s decision as to the selection of a particular formation include:  Mission  Likelihood of enemy contact  Terrain  Vegetation  Weather  Speed       SIGNALS Signals are used to transmit commands and information when voice communications are difficult, impossible, or when silence must be maintained. The most common type of signal used is the hand and arm signal because it is not hindered by the noise on the battlefield and it is advantageous when silence must be maintained. It is imperative that each team member repeats all signals through their team to ensure prompt and correct execution. The success of your mission depends on teamwork. A team member who cannot remember the signals imperils the team’s survival. The disadvantages of hand and arm signals are that they must be seen and require a knowledge of each team member’s location in the formation. BASIC FIRE TEAM FORMATIONS Fire team formations are groupings of individuals and units for efficient tactical employment. Normally, each fire team leader will determine the formation for their unit. Thus, a squad may contain a variety of fire team formations at any one time. The relative position of the fire teams within the squad formation should be such that one will not mask the fire of the others. The fire team leaders place themselves in a position where they can best observe and control the fire team and receive orders from the squad leader. Sight or voice contact will be maintained within the fire team and between fire team leaders and squad leader. The fire team leader must also be in position to quickly and effectively control the employment of the automatic rifleman. COLUMN The fire team column formation is used when speed and control are governing factors such as moving through woods, fog, smoke, and along roads and trails.  Permits rapid, controlled movements  Favors fire and maneuver to the flanks  Vulnerable to fire from the front because its own fire is limited in that direction WEDGE The fire team wedge formation is used when the enemy situation is unknown, but contact is possible. The wedge provides all-around protection and is easy to control. In this formation, the position of the fire team leader and assistant automatic rifleman are interchangeable.  It permits good control.  It provides all-around security.  Formation is flexible.  Fire is adequate in all directions. SKIRMISHERS RIGHT (LEFT) The fire team skirmisher is most effective when assaulting a known enemy position. This formation can be more difficult to control.  It has maximum firepower to the front.  It is used when the location and strength of the enemy are known, during the assault, mopping-up (searching for enemy stragglers), and crossing short open areas. ECHELON RIGHT (LEFT) The fire team echelon is used primarily to protect an exposed flank. This formation permits heavy firepower to the front and the direction of the echelon.  Provides heavy firepower to front and echelon flank  Used to protect an open or exposed flank    BASIC SQUAD FORMATIONS The squad is normally employed as part of the rifle platoon and will be assigned a mission as a base of fire or as a maneuver element. The squad formations are similar to those of the fire team with an additional formation known as the squad vee. The squad leader designates the type of formation to be used and places themselves in a location where they can readily observe fire teams and enemy activities. The fire team leaders maintain visibility on the squad leader, regardless of the formation. The organization of the squad into three fire teams provides the squad leader with the ability to execute fire and maneuver with one or two fire teams as the base of fire and one or two fire teams as the maneuver element. The squad leader prescribes the formation for the squad. The base fire team is used by the squad leader to control the direction, position, and rate of movement of the squad. SQUAD COLUMN In a squad column, fire teams are arranged in succession, one behind the other. The fire team formations inside the squad formation will be determined by the fire team leaders based on each fire team’s placement in the order of movement and the movement conditions. The squad column is suitable for narrow covered routes of advance or maneuvering through gaps or areas of limited observation.  Easy to control and maneuver  Excellent for speed of movement or when strict control is desired  Vulnerable to fire from the front  Suitable for moving in fog, smoke, or darkness SQUAD WEDGE The squad wedge is used when the enemy situation is uncertain. It places a single fire team in front of the formation with two fire teams placed diagonally to the rear and abreast of each other. It is relatively easy to control and can quickly be adapted to meet new tactical situations.  It permits good control.  Fire is adequate in all directions.  It provides all-around security.  The formation is flexible. SQUAD LINE The squad line, as the name implies, places all three fire teams abreast of one another on a line. The line formation is normally used when the squad is assigned as the base of fire element or during an assault on a known enemy position.  Provides maximum firepower to the front  Used when the location and strength of the enemy are known, during the assault, mopping-up, and crossing short open areas SQUAD ECHELON RIGHT (LEFT) In the squad echelon, the fire teams are placed diagonally behind each other. This formation is used to protect an exposed flank, particularly when the enemy or a danger area is known to be on that side.  Provides heavy firepower to the front and echelon flank  Used to protect an open or exposed flank SQUAD VEE The squad vee formation has two fire teams forward and one fire team that is centered and trails the lead fire teams. It can be used when the enemy is to the front and his strength and location are known, and it may be used when crossing large open areas.  Facilitates movement into squad line  Provides excellent firepower to front and flanks  Provides all-around security HAND AND ARM SIGNALS Combat operations depend on clear, accurate, and secure communications. Control and coordination are achieved by the most rapid means of communication available. When the tactical situation requires stealth or when radio communication is inadequate visual communication is necessary transmitting orders, information, or requests The purpose of hand and arm signals is to provide a standard means of rapid communication within a unit over short distances. The range and reliability of visual communications are significantly reduced during periods of poor visibility and when terrain restricts observation. Hand and arm signals are carried out in the same manner as verbal orders- all marines will repeat the signals given from their unit leaders. MOVEMENT CONTROL Over the course of a single patrol or movement to contact, a unit will traverse various obstacles, terrain, and vegetation that will require shifts in speed, direction, and dispersion. These hand and arm signals are given by the squad and fire team leaders to successfully control the movement of the unit. SPEED The speed of a patrol is established based on elements of time, terrain, vegetation, mission, and likelihood of enemy contact. DECREASE SPEED To signal the unit to decrease speed extend the arm horizontally to the side, palm to the front, and wave the arm downward several times, keeping the arm straight. The arm does not move above the horizontal. INCREASE SPEED, DOUBLE TIME To increase the pace, carry the hand to the shoulder with the fist closed. Rapidly thrust the fist vertically to the full extent of the arm and back to the shoulder several times. HALT To halt the patrol carry the hand to the shoulder, palm to the front; then thrust the hand vertically upward to the full extent of the arm and hold it in that position until the signal is understood. FREEZE To freeze the patrol, make a fist and raise the hand into the air. Hold the signal until it is understood. DISMOUNT, DOWN, TAKE COVER If you want the unit to dismount or take cover, extend your arm to the side at a 45degree angle above horizontal with the palm down and lower it to your side. Both arms may be used to execute this signal. Repeat until the signal is understood. MOUNT, GET UP To tell the unit to mount or get up from covered positions, extend the arm straight out to the side, palm up, and raise the arm upward to an angle 45-degrees above horizontal. Repeat until the signal is understood. DIRECTION A patrol rarely takes a straight line approach to patrolling; therefore, it will be necessary to make a series of direction changes to account for variables such as terrain, obstacles, and desired avenues of approach. SHIFT To shift, point to the individuals or units concerned; bring both fists to your chest simultaneously. Using the hand on the side of the desired direction, point to the location you want them to move. CHANGE DIRECTION To change the direction of your patrol, using the hand that is on the side toward the new direction, raise it across the body with the palm facing toward the front, and swing the arm in a horizontal arc. Ensure that the arm and hand are fully extended toward the new direction. FORWARD To initiate forward movement, face and move in the desired direction of march. At the same time, extend the arm vertically to the rear and swing it overhead and forward until horizontal in the same direction of march. The palm should be facing down. FLANK RIGHT/LEFT To execute a flanking movement, extend both hands in the desired direction of movement. DISPERSION Dispersion can be crucial to the success or failure of a patrol. If the patrol begins to bunch up, they become vulnerable to ambush and a high casualty rate. However, if the patrol elements wander too far apart, members may become unable to receive hand and arm signals or become separated from the rest of the patrol. OPEN UP To open up or extend your patrol elements, start by extending both arms in front of the body and sweep the arms horizontally to the sides. Repeat the signal until it is understood. CLOSE UP If the patrol begins to spread out too much for the terrain, vegetation, or visbility, close up the elements by extending both arms to the side, then sweep the arms forward to the front of the body. Repeat the signal until it is understood. DISPERSE If your patrol members are bunching up, they become more susceptible to ambush and the effects of fragmentary munitions. To have your Marines extend the distance between individuals in all directions, have them disperse by extending either arm vertically overhead, then wave the arm to the front, side, and rear. ENEMY CONTACT Upon enemy contact, command and control is vital to gain the upper hand. In the chaos that ensues, violent sights and sounds may make it difficult to hear and comprehend verbal commands. These standard commands are used to augment or reinforce verbal commands and improve control of the unit. ENEMY IN SIGHT If you locate the enemy, hold your weapon horizontally with the stock in your shoulder and muzzle pointing in the direction of the enemy. Aim in on the enemy target and be ready to engage if you are detected. RANGE When passing range estimates, fully extend the arm toward the person the signal is intended for with a closed fist. Raise one finger for each 100-meters of range. HASTY AMBUSH RIGHT (LEFT) To establish a hasty ambush, raise the fist to the shoulder and thrust it several times in the desired direction of the ambush. COMMENCE FIRING To give a silent command to commence firing, extend the arm in front of the body, hip high, palm down, and move it through a wide horizontal arc several times. This may assist in catching the enemy by surprise and reducing their reaction time. FIRE FASTER To increase the rate of fire of your unit, rapidly execute the same signal used for commence firing. This will signal a change to the next higher rate of fire for the automatic rifleman. This may be accompanied with a verbal command. FIRE SLOWER To slow the rate of fire of your unit, slowly execute the same signal used for commence firing. For the automatic rifleman, this will signal a change to the next lower rate of fire. This may be accompanied with a verbal command. CEASE FIRE To signal a cease fire, raise your hand in front of your forehead, palm to the front, and swing the hand and forearm up and down several times in front of the face. This may be accompanied with a verbal command. INSTRUCTIONAL During a patrol, noise discipline can be a matter of survival. A violation of noise discipline can alert the enemy to your unit’s location and allow them to set up an escape or ambush. These hand and arm signals assist in general instructions while on patrol. ATTENTION To get the attention of the person or group you intend to communicate with, extend your arm to the side slightly above horizontal, hold your palm facing toward the front and wave it over your head several times. ASSEMBLE If you want your unit to assemble, raise your hand vertically to the full extent of the arm with your fingers extended,keep your palm facing the front and wave in large horizontal circles. ARE YOU READY / I AM READY To check the readiness of your unit extend your arm toward the person the signal is intended with the hand raised, finger extended and joined, then raise the arm slightly above horizontal with the palm facing outward. The response to confirm readiness is executed in the same manner back toward the originator. LEADERS JOIN ME Subordinate leaders may be called-up to confirm communication and actions. The arm will be raised toward the leaders with the hand in a fist. The index finger will be used to summon the intended person. I DO NOT UNDERSTAND If you do not understand a signal or command, face toward the source of the signal and raise both arms to the side with the elbows bent, palms up, and shrug the shoulders. At this point the signal or command can be clarified or repeated. RADIO OPERATOR FORWARD If the patrol is provided a radio, a defined schedule for checking in is usually established by the parent unit prior to the patrol’s departure. To call the radio operator to you, raise either hand up to your ear with the thumb and little finger extended. RALLY POINT A patrol should always designate one or more rally points where it can reassemble if it has to break contact or gets separated. Patrol members should try to reach the designated rally point quickly to get accountability and resume the mission. To identify a rally point, touch the belt buckle with one hand and then point to the ground. OBJECTIVE RALLY POINT (ORP) This is the rally point nearest to the objective at which the patrol reassembles after the mission is accomplished. It may also be used as the final preparation point. To identify the ORP, touch the belt buckle with one hand, point to the ground, and make a circular motion with the hand. DANGER AREA A danger area is any place where the patrol is vulnerable to enemy observation or fire. To signal a danger area, draw the right hand across the neck in a cutting motion with the palm facing down from left to right. HEAD COUNT An important aspect of control is personnel accountability. Personnel must be accounted for after crossing danger areas, halts, and enemy contact. To call for a head count, tap your head with one hand. DISREGARD PREVIOUS COMMAND, AS YOU WERE To inform your unit to disregard your previous command, face the unit and raise both arms with your wrists in a cross over your head, palms to the front. PACE COUNT At least two pacers should be assigned during a patrol. Periodically, a pace count will be called upon to measure how far the patrol has traveled. The count from both pacers will be averaged for an approximation. To get the pace count tap the heel of the boot repeatedly with an open hand. Narrator: During a patrol, noise discipline is a matter of survival. A violation of noise discipline can alert the enemy to your unit’s location and allow them to set up an escape or ambush. These hand and arm signals assist in general instructions while on a patrol. END MARINE RIFLE SQUAD/TEAM START DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS MISSION The Marine Corps rifle squad's mission in the defense is to repel the enemy's assault by fire and close combat. For the rifle squad, this mission can be divided into three parts:  Destroy the enemy by fire at the furthest point possible in the fighting position, when in small arms range.  If the enemy continues, repel its assault with the final protective fire (FPF), and if necessary, use hand-to-hand combat.  If the enemy penetrates the platoon's battle position, the squad remains in place, delivering fire and participating in counterattacks to ultimately restore the battle position BATTLE POSITION A battle position is a defensive position from which a unit will fight. The unit may vary in size from a platoon to a battalion. Battle positions may be occupied:  Hastily  Temporarily  As a blocking position (this is used to deny the enemy access to a given area or to prevent his advance) Battle positions should be continuously improved while occupied. ORGANIZATION OF THE DEFENSE Commanders must consider the organization of the battlespace and the distribution of forces within assigned sectors. A defensive sector is organized in depth into three areas:  Security Area  Main Battle Area  Rear Area SECURITY AREA The security area is the area forward of the FEBA. In the security area:  Security forces execute assigned tasks.  The commander adds depth to the defense by extending the security area as far forward as is tactically feasible.  Security forces inflict the greatest possible damage and disruption to the enemy attack before the enemy reaches the main battle area. FORWARD EDGE OF THE BATTLE AREA The forward edge of the battle area (FEBA) is the foremost limit of a series of areas where ground combat units are deployed. The FEBA:   Is a control measure that divides the security area from the main battle area. Does not need to be physically occupied, but it should be controlled by fire. MAIN BATTLE AREA The main battle area is the portion of battlefield where the decisive battle is fought to defeat the enemy. The main battle area:   Extends rearward from the FEBA to the rear boundary of subordinate units Is organized into sectors that are assigned to subordinate units REAR AREA The rear area extends forward from the command’s rear boundary to the rear of the area assigned to the command’s subordinate units. Rear area operations:  Include those functions of security and sustainment required to maintain continuity of operations by the entire force.  Protect the sustainment effort as well as deny use of the rear area to the enemy. The rear area may not always be contiguous with the main battle area. FUNDAMENTALS OF DEFENSE The ten fundamentals described here should neither be used as a checklist nor should they be thought of as hard and fast rules. Rather, these concepts should help guide unit leaders' thinking and tactical planning process prior to engagement with the enemy.  The fundamentals of defense are applicable to all tactical levels (fire team, squad, platoon, company, etc.).  The application of these fundamentals by all unit leaders increases the chance for a successful defense. Maneuver Maneuver is as important in the defense as it is in the offense. While steadfastness and the tenacious holding of key terrain is essential in the defense, the defender must not become immobile.  The defender must maintain freedom of maneuver.  Maneuver is essential in generating the offensive power fundamental to a successful defense.  Units of all sizes maneuver in depth to take advantage of terrain and tactical developments, to concentrate, disperse, and occupy positions from which they can bring more effective fire to bear on the enemy. Preparation The defender organizes the defense on the terrain of their choosing. While the attacker can choose the specific time and point of attack. The defender, through the proper selection of terrain and reinforcing obstacles can direct the energy of the enemy's attack into terrain which is advantageous to the defender.  Preparations should begin as early as possible and continue throughout the battle. It must be understood that these preparations may be under constant observation by the attacker.  To inhibit the enemy's intelligence effort, the commander establishes security forces to conduct counter-reconnaissance and deceives the enemy as to the exact location of the main defenses. Mass and Concentration Leaders cannot defend everywhere in strength. They must concentrate forces and fires at the decisive place while exercising economy of force in less critical areas. Some portions of a sector may be unoccupied but held effectively by a combination of fire and obstacles. Additionally, security forces, sensors, and surveillance can be employed along less likely avenues of approach to help reduce risks.  The commander designates the main effort based on anticipation of the enemy's main attack. The defensive scheme of maneuver takes advantage of terrain essential to the integrity of the defense. Reserves are positioned so that they can intervene quickly to support the main effort.  The defender masses fires and concentrates combat power repeatedly to wrest the initiative from the attacker. The commander may have to surrender some ground to gain the time necessary to concentrate forces. Flexibility While the commander makes every effort to determine the enemy's intentions in advance, the plan must be flexible enough to deal with different enemy courses of action. Flexibility is created by:  Detailed planning for contingencies  Designating supplementary and alternate positions  Properly locating, task organizing, and planning use of the reserve  Designing counterattack plans  Preparing to assume the offense  Planning on-call fire support Offensive Action Since the offense is the decisive form of combat, the commander seeks every opportunity to take offensive action. The defender takes offensive action by:  Launching spoiling attacks while the enemy is preparing for or assembling an attack  Attacking with security forces to harass, distract, deceive, and damage the enemy before they reach the main battle area  Counterattacking to destroy or repulse enemy penetrations Counterattacks range from immediately executed actions for reestablishing the integrity of the defense to commitment of the reserve at the decisive moment of the battle. The commander prepares to change to the offense at the earliest feasible opportunity. Use of Terrain The defender must exploit every aspect of terrain and weather to its advantage. In the defense, as in the attack, terrain is valuable only if a force gains advantage from its possession or control. In making the estimate of the situation, the defending commander takes account of key terrain and visualizes all possible enemy avenues of approach into the sector. The defender seeks to defend on terrain that maximizes effective fire, cover, concealment, movement, and surprise.  A position combining all these defensive advantages will seldom be available. While capitalizing on the strong points of the terrain, the defender strengthens the weak points. Natural obstacles are exploited and reinforced by the defender.  Obstacle integration multiplies the effects and capabilities of firepower. The combination of firepower and obstacles causes the enemy to conform to our scheme of maneuver. Obstacles magnify the effects of firepower by increasing target acquisition time and by creating exploitable vulnerabilities.  Mutual Support  Mutual support strengthens any defense. Mutual support is the support that units provide to each other. It is achieved when defensive positions are located in such a way that the enemy cannot attack one position without coming under fire from at least one other. The degree of mutual support obtained depends on the terrain, range of weapons, and visibility.   Ideally, the front that a force must defend is directly related to its ability to provide mutual support between its units. To neutralize mutually supporting positions, an attacker must disperse fire away from their main objective. Mutual support is essential at all levels. Defense in Depth Defense in depth involves establishing mutually supporting defensive positions throughout the main battle area to absorb and progressively weaken the attack. It provides maneuver space within the defensive sector for the maneuver of subordinate units against the enemy's main effort. Defense in depth is necessary to:  Disrupt the momentum of the attack and prevent a breakthrough.  Force the enemy into engagement areas.  Allow the defender time to determine the enemy's main effort and then counter it.  Force the enemy to commit his reserves at a non-decisive point.  Disperse the effects of enemy fire. Surprise The defense should attempt to achieve surprise. The organization of a defense should not betray the commander's intent and positioning of units.  To preserve combat power, especially against a strong enemy, the defender must employ every means to mislead the enemy as to the true location of its positions and the strength and disposition of forces. Toward this end, the commander considers the use of security forces and reverse slopes, maximizing available cover, concealment, camouflage, and dummy positions.  The best defensive terrain will also be apparent to the attacking enemy, who will maneuver against it with caution and will mass fires on it. When possible, the commander selects terrain that has good defensive qualities but is not conspicuous. Knowledge of the Enemy The defense is largely reactive by nature. A defender's options are dictated in large part by what the attacker does. Therefore, thorough knowledge of the enemy's capabilities, operational concepts, and habits is essential to a successful defense.  The defending commander must look at the defense through the enemy's eyes to identify probable enemy objectives and courses of action.  A thorough intelligence preparation of the battlespace (IPB) will provide valuable indications of enemy assembly areas, attack positions, routes, firing positions for supporting arms units, and axis of advance.  When the defender can accurately anticipate the enemy's actions, the defender can trap the attacker within the defense and establish conditions for resumption of offensive operations. FIGHTING POSITION A fighting position is a location on the ground from which fire is delivered by an individual, a fire unit (squad or fire team), or a crew-served weapon. Before selecting a firing position, the assigned sector of fire must be carefully examined from various locations using the prone position to ensure effective coverage of the sector of fire. The exact fighting position is then designated on the ground prior to digging in. The position must:  Allow good fields of fire.  Make maximum use of available cover and concealment.  Facilitate exercise of fire control by the unit leader. TYPES OF FIGHTING POSITION The primary position is the best available position from which the assigned sector of fire can be covered. Individuals, fire teams, squads, and crew-served weapons are assigned primary positions. Alternate positions are not normally assigned to individuals or units within the platoon. They are used primarily by crew-served weapons. This position is located so that a crew-served weapon can continue to accomplish its original mission when the primary position becomes untenable or unsuited for carrying out that mission. Supplementary positions are prepared to guard against attack from directions other than those from which the main attack is expected. A supplementary position is a secondary position and does not cover the same sector of fire as the primary position.  These positions provide security. When occupied, they ensure protection against attack from directions other than those covered by primary positions.  Movement to supplementary positions should be made by covered and concealed routes when available. INDIVIDUAL FIGHTING POSITION The fire team leader designates fighting positions that will enable the fire team to cover the assigned sector by fire.  Each fighting position must provide—and receive—mutual support from adjacent positions.  Positions may be prepared as single or double fighting positions. If double fighting holes are prepared, the automatic rifleman and assistant automatic rifleman will pair off.  Each position should be continuously improved from hasty position to deliberate position to overhead covered position. SECTOR OF FIRE A sector of fire is an area that is required to be covered by fire by an individual, a fire unit (squad or fire team), or a crew-served weapon. The sector of fire is used to:  Clearly indicate the area to be covered by fire.  Provide for the best distribution of available firepower and complete coverage of the area to covered by fire.  Ensure mutual support by the overlapping of adjacent sectors of fire. It is a pie-shaped area enclosed by lateral limits to the left and right and a forward limit defines its depth. Squad leaders are not normally assigned individual sectors of fire since their primary duty during the conduct of the defense is directing and controlling the fires of their units. Lateral Limits Readily identifiable terrain features are selected to indicate the line of sight along each side of the sector. These terrain features should be located near the forward limit of the sector so that all fire team members assigned to cover this sector use the same limiting features. Two stakes placed near the position of the weapon are used to indicate the lateral limits during periods of restricted visibility. The stakes should be placed before nightfall. Forward Limit The forward limit is established at the range where the weapon will open fire. For rifles and automatic rifles, this may extend up to their maximum effective ranges.  When possible, a terrain feature is selected to locate the forward limit. As the attacker passes this limit, he is brought under fire.  This provides the squad leader with a positive means to control the commencement of small arms fire. Principal Direction of Fire (PDF) A principal direction of fire (PDF) is a specific direction within the sector of fire given to a flat-trajectory weapon and is designated as its primary fire mission. A PDF is assigned to automatic rifles and is indicated by pointing out a readily identifiable terrain feature. An automatic rifle should not be assigned more than one PDF. This terrain feature may be the target itself or it may indicate the line of sight when no target is assigned. The limits of the target should be pointed out on the ground when distributed fire is required along the PDF. A stake near the firing position is used to indicate the PDF during periods of restricted visibility. The PDF is employed to:  Cover a gap in the final protective line (FPL) of a machine gun  Cover a specific terrain feature endangering the company or platoon battle position, such as a draw which may serve as an avenue of approach, or hill top which may serve as a possible enemy vantage point  Protect a crew-served weapon by firing across its front  Augment the band of flanking fires placed immediately in front of the battle position when targets of opportunity to the front are not visible Dead Space Dead space is an area within the maximum range of a weapon that cannot be covered by fire or observation from a particular position because of:  Intervening obstacles  The nature of the ground  The characteristics of the trajectory  The limitations of the pointing capabilities of the weapon The identification of dead space in the PDF, a mission assigned to squad automatic weapon in the defense, is particularly critical. Dead space in the PDF that is not covered by other weapons systems could provide the enemy the opportunity to penetrate friendly lines. FIRE PLAN The fire team leader formulates the team's fire plan to cover the entire sector assigned by the squad leader with the heaviest possible volume of fire. The fire plan includes:  Assignment of individual sectors of fire  Individual fighting positions, firing positions, and the principal direction of fire for the automatic rifle  The position of the fire team leader Select each fire team member below for more information on their duties within the team ASSISTANT AUTOMATIC RIFLEMAN Normally, the assistant automatic rifleman participates in the defense as a rifleman. He is positioned near or with the automatic rifleman because he must be prepared to assume the duties of the automatic rifleman. The assistant automatic rifleman designator is a circle with an "A" inside. AUTOMATIC RIFLEMAN Since automatic rifles are the backbone of the squad's defense, the squad leader selects the exact fighting position for the automatic rifle. The remainder of the fire team is then positioned around it. The squad leader will indicate the principal direction of fire for the automatic rifle. This principal direction of fire, under some conditions, may have been selected by the platoon commander. The automatic rifleman designator is a circle with an arrow inside pointing up. FIRE TEAM LEADER The fire team leader's position is usually at the center of the fire team. The fire team leader must be in a position where it can:  Observe the entire fire team and its sector of fire.  Direct the fire of the automatic rifle.  Deliver effective M-203 grenade launcher fire.  Observe the squad leader. When considering sectors of fire for employment of the M-203 grenade launcher, the fire team leader must consider the overall fire plan. The fire team leader must consider the sectors of fire assigned to the automatic rifleman and the need to furnish support to the automatic rifleman and to adjacent units. The fire team leader then takes a positions where they can best control the fire team and deliver the most effective M-203 fire. This is usually in the center of the fire team position. RIFLEMAN The rifleman is positioned to cover as much of the fire team sector as possible. The rifleman's position must provide support and protection for the automatic rifleman. The rifleman designator is an empty circle. FIRE PLAN SKETCH A sketch of the fire plan is submitted by the fire team leader to the squad leader. It should include the following:  The individual sectors of fire  Primary fighting positions  The principal direction of fire for the automatic rifleman  The fighting position of the fire team leader  The magnetic north line provides a reference to show the direction the fire team is facing Irregularities within the terrain may prevent one of the individuals from covering the entire fire team sector of fire. This is the case of the assistant automatic rifleman in the example shown. FIRE TEAM DESIGNATOR A line is drawn around the fire team fighting position and follows the general trace of the forward edge, flanks, and rear of the individual fighting positions of the fire team members.  The symbol indicating the size of the unit is placed within a break along the rear edge.   The fighting position designator is an oval with the fire team designator written through its base. This example, indicates 2nd fire team, 3rd squad. PRIORITIES OF WORK IN THE DEFENSE The organization of the ground begins as soon as individual members of the squad have been assigned sectors of fire. It includes the following tasks:  Posting security listening posts, observation posts, and patrols  Positioning automatic weapons  Clearing fields of fire  Digging fighting holes  Constructing obstacles  Selecting supplementary fighting positions  Camouflage measures Marines use the acronym SAFE to remember how to prioritize work. Security, automatic weapon, fields of fire, and entrenchment (SAFE) identifies the required tasks that are critical to establishing a successful defense. SECURITY Local security consists of measures that are taken to prevent surprise enemy encounters and to deny the enemy information about the plan of defense. Security is achieved by:  Posting sentinels for surveillance  Enforcing noise and light discipline  Keeping movement within the squad fighting position to a minimum AUTOMATIC WEAPONS  Automatic rifles are positioned to cover the most likely avenues of enemy approach into the squad area. Their positions should enable them to cover the fire team's sector of fire, provide support for adjacent fire teams, and effectively deliver final protective fires. FIELDS OF FIRE Enforce the following guidelines when your squad is clearing fields of fire forward of each fighting position:  Do not disclose the squad's fighting position by excessive or careless clearing. In all cases, leave a thin natural screen of foliage to hide fighting positions.  In sparsely wooded areas, remove the lower branches of scattered large trees. It may be desirable to remove entire trees that could be used as reference points for enemy fire.  In heavy woods, complete clearing of the field of fire is neither possible nor desirable. Restrict work to thinning undergrowth and removing lower branches of large trees.  If practical, demolish buildings and walls forward of the fighting position that could obstruct fields of fire or provide cover and concealment to the enemy.  Ensure that fields of fire are cleared of obstructions that could cause premature detonation of the M203 projectile ENTRENCHMENT: TWO-MAN FIGHTING POSITION The two-man fighting hole offers somewhat less protection against a tank crossing along the long axis, as well as less protection against strafing, bombing, and shell fragments. However, it does have advantages that include continuous observation, mutual assistance and reassurance, and the redistribution of ammunition between occupants. For these reasons, two-man fighting positions are typically assigned.  In most types of soil, the fighting hole gives protection against the crushing action of tanks provided the occupant crouches at least 2-feet below the ground surface.  The soil is piled around the hole as a parapet, approximately 3-feet thick and ½-foot high, leaving a berm or shelf wide enough for the Marine to use as an elbow rest while firing.  If turf or topsoil is used to camouflage the parapet, the Marine first removes sufficient ground cover and sets it aside until the fighting hole is completed. Once complete, the ground cover can be placed on the top and side of the parapet to better blend in with surrounding ground. RANGE CARD A range card is a rough sketch or drawing that serves as a record of firing data and a document for defensive fire planning.  Each machinegun makes a range card in duplicate using the available Standard Range Card form (DA Form 5517-R) shown to the right. If range card forms are not available, draw it on any available material.  The original remains at the gun position as a record of firing data and a copy is sent to the next higher headquarters (usually the company), who uses it to organize the defense and prepare a fire plan sketch.  Regardless of the length of time the gun crew expects to occupy a position, preparation of a range card begins immediately. RANGE SCALE A dot is drawn to signify the position of the gun. Determine the value of each circle on the range scale:  Identify a terrain feature farthest from the position and within the weapon system’s capability.  Determine the distance to the terrain feature. Round off the distance to the next even hundredth, if necessary.  Determine the maximum number of circles that will divide evenly into the distance.  The result is the value of each circle.  Clearly mark the increment for each circle in the data section and label rings. For example, in the range card shown, the maximum effective range for the M240B is 1800m. Since we have visibility of terrain features at that distance, we should show the full maximum effective range of the weapon on the range card. Divide the range (1800) by the total number of range circles (9) to calculate the value of each circle (200 meters). TACTICAL TASK Machineguns form the backbone of a defensive position. There are two tactical tasks that a machinegun can be assigned in the defense. Final Protective Line (FPL) This mission dictates that the machinegun is primarily in a position to employ grazing fires across a units’ frontage to stop an enemy assault.  The FPL is only fired in accordance with the unit commander giving the order to fire the Final Protective Fires.  An FPL is drawn as a heavy line, shaded to signify grazing fire. Gaps are left in the heavy line to indicate dead space. The range is recorded to the near and far ends of the dead space and to the maximum extent of graze along the FPL.  The magnetic azimuth in mils (measured with a compass) of the FPL is written on the range card. A sector of fire is given and the gunner can engage other targets in accordance with engagement criteria, but the primary mission of that gun is to be laid on the FPL. Principle Direction of Fire When the terrain does not lend itself to an FPL, the Machinegun will be assigned a PDF. The weapon's primary focus is then to cover a likely avenue of approach or to cover dead space in another squad's FPL.  The PDF is drawn as a solid line with an arrow, and the range is recorded to the near end of the avenue of approach.  The magnetic azimuth in mils (measured with a compass) of the PDF is written on the range card. A sector of fire is given and the gunner can engage other targets in accordance with engagement criteria,but unless that situation arises, the machinegun is laid on the assigned PDF, ready to engage on at that point. TERRAIN SKETCH Draw a rough sketch of the terrain to the front of your position. Include any prominent natural or man-made features which could be likely targets, such as:  Road intersections  Buildings  Hills  Any other features that are easily recognized There is no set format for drawing these, but they should easily represent the features on the ground. In any defensive sector, there are likely to be several key terrain features. The unit leader identifies them and plans to use them or to deny their use to the enemy. FPL PDF TARGET REFERENCE POINTS (TRPs) Target reference points (TRPs) are used as reference points during fire control. Targets of tactical significance are predetermined, then sketched and recorded on the range card.  When an FPL is assigned, the targets are numbered consecutively from the FPL. The FPL is always target number 1.  When a PDF is assigned, targets are numbered consecutively beginning from either the left or the right of the sector. Locate and draw a line to known or suspected targets (likely avenues of approach) on the range card. FPL PDF DATA SECTION Fill in the remaining areas of the "data section":  Identify the type of position and and provide an 8-digit grid coordinate to locate the gun's position.  Label the type of weapon for which this range card was prepared and the DTG that the card was completed.  Accurately record the direction/deflection, elevation, range, and a description associated with the targets identified in the sketch above.  List ammo used if it is significant. (Note: This is not usually important for machineguns. For some weapons the type of ammunition affects the range of the weapon or may require a different fuze based upon the target).  Direction/deflection and elevation readings constitute the data needed to engage preselected target areas during periods of limited visibility. FPL PDF DIRECTION/DEFLECTION Direction/deflection readings are obtained and recorded to all targets within the primary sector of fire.  Direction readings can be recorded in degrees or mils (magnetic), read from a lensatic compass.  Deflection readings are recorded from the tripod's traversing bar and the traversing and elevation (T&E) mechanism. To obtain direction readings to targets other than the FPL: - Loosen the traversing slide lock lever and slide the traversing bar slide along the traversing bar until the gun is laid on the center of a point target and on either flank of a linear target. - Lock the traversing bar and read the direction reading from the scale on the traversing bar. - If the left edge of the traversing slide does not fall exactly on a 5-mil graduation (tickmark), move the left edge of the traversing bar slide back to the next smaller graduation, and use the traversing hand wheel to complete the initial lay. ELEVATION To obtain the elevation reading, the gun is laid on the base of the target. The elevation reading is obtained from two scales on the T&E mechanism.  The first portion of the reading is taken from the engraved scale on the upper elevating screw plate.  The second portion is taken from the engraved scale on the top of the elevating hand wheel, using the indicator as the index.  The two portions of the elevation reading are separated by a slash (/) when they are recorded. The engraved scale on the upper elevating screw plate is graduated in 50-mil increments from -200 mils to +200 mils. There is an index line below each number and a plus or minus sign above each number, with the exception of the 0. The zero reading has no sign. In obtaining the elevation reading, the gunner should lower their head until their eyes are aligned with the top of the elevating hand wheel.  The first portion of the reading is the number and plus or minus sign above the first visible index line. For the picture shown, this would be +50.  The scale on the elevating hand wheel is graduated in 1-mil increments for a total of 50 mils. Locate the graduation aligned with the indicator. For the picture shown, this would be 6.  The entire reading is recorded as +50/6. MARGINAL INFORMATION When complete the range card is "signed" by designating magnetic north and recording the the gun number and unit designator.  For security reasons, no higher unit designation than the company is shown.  Separate range cards are created for primary, alternate, and supplementary positions. FPL PDF FUNDAMENTALS OF COVER AND CONCEALMENT Every Marine must use terrain to give themselves cover and concealment.  Cover is defined as protection from the fire of enemy weapons. When the enemy fires on your position, cover is what will keep your Marines alive.  Concealment is defined as protection from observation or surveillance from hostile air and ground observation, but not from hostile fire. Concealment is anything that hides a Marine, their position, unit, or equipment from enemy observation. NCOs must enforce:  Light and noise discipline  Movement control  Continuous use of camouflage COVER DURING MOVEMENT While moving, Marines use routes that put cover between themselves and places where the enemy is known or thought to be. Marines uses natural cover such as:  Ravines  Gullies  Hills  Wooded areas  Rock formations and depressions are cover. NCOs ensure Marines avoid:  Moving through open fields.  Skylining on hills and ridges. CAMOUFLAGE Camouflage is defined as the natural or man-made materials used to keep yourself, your equipment, and your position hidden. It reduces the chance of detection by the enemy. If camouflage material is needed, it should be collected from outside the fighting position. The following materials provide the best camouflage:  Branches  Bushes  Leaves  Grass Foliage used as camouflage must blend into the surrounding area. An open, exposed position can be concealed from enemy observation by using the right materials and procedures.  An area stripped of all its foliage will draw attention. Tree branches stuck into the ground in an open field will not fool anyone.  As units move from one area to another, camouflage must be changed to blend with the vegetation.  Marines should camouflage or hide dirt from fighting holes. Camouflage should be checked often to ensure that it remains natural looking and conceals the position.  FACTORS AFFECTING CAMOUFLAGE  All Marines should be familiar with the factors that affect camouflage to avoid detection by the enemy. For camouflage to be effective, the following factors must be minimized or carried out smartly. Movement Draws Attention Movement draws attention. An observer will catch movement in his field of view. Movement can be seen by the naked eye at long ranges. A comparison of aerial photos taken of the same area at different times can reveal movement of troops and vehicles and will help the enemy find targets. Dispersion Dispersion is the distance between:  Men  Vehicles  Equipment Distances between people, teams, and squads must be prescribed and enforced. If the squad is not dispersed, it is easier to detect and easier to hit. Shadows Draw Attention Shadows draw attention. Camouflage should be used to break up shadows of fighting positions and equipment.   Shaded areas offer concealment. This is particularly true of shadows of buildings in cities. Location Fighting positions should not be where the enemy expects to find them. They should be:  On the side of a hill  Away from road junctions or lone buildings  In covered and concealed locations Shape Shape is the outline of something.  The shape of the helmet is easily recognized, as is the undisguised shape of a human body.  Both camouflage and concealment should be used to make familiar shapes blend with their surroundings. Shine Shine may be a light source such as: a cigarette glowing in the dark, or reflected light from smooth, polished surfaces. For example:  A worn metal surface  A windshield  Binoculars  Eyeglasses  A watch crystal  Exposed skin without face paint The use of lights or the reflection of light may help the enemy detect friendly positions. Mirrors, food containers, towels, etc., must be hidden. Equipment that shines should be concealed or covered with mud or paint. Contrasting Colors Contrasting colors are more easily detected; for example:  White skin shows up better than black against the dark green of jungle foliage.  Camouflage should match the surrounding area, rather than offer a contrast—bright colors should not be used in camouflage. CAMOUFLAGING GEAR AND EQUIPMENT Helmets should be covered with the issued helmet cover or one made of cloth or burlap colored to blend into the terrain.  The cover should fit loosely.  Foliage should stick over the edges.  The cover should not be overdone, it needs to look natural. If there is no material for helmet covers, the surface of helmets can be disguised and dulled with irregular patterns of paint or mud. These items can be used to hold the foliage in place:  Camouflage bands  String  Burlap strips  Rubber bands Badly faded equipment may be hard to hide. Units should turn in badly faded equipment or use mud, camouflage stick, paint, etc. to color it until it can be exchanged. CAMOUFLAGE USING PAINT Exposed skin reflects light and draws the enemy's attention. Camouflage face paint sticks are issued in three standard two-tone sticks. When applying camouflage face paint, Marines work together and inspect each other's work to ensure all skin is covered. They apply a two-color combination in an irregular pattern. Shine areas are painted with dark colors.  Forehead  Cheekbones  Nose  Ears  Chin Shadow areas are painted with light colors.  Around the eyes  Under the nose  Under the chin Exposed skin on the back of the neck, ears, arms, and hands should be painted. CAMOUFLAGE IN THE ENVIRONMENT The surrounding environment will determine your individual camouflage needs. For example:  When operating in snow-covered terrain, Marines should wear over-whites and color their equipment white. If over-whites are not issued, sheets or other white cloth can be used for camouflage.  In vegetated areas, loam and light green camouflage paint sticks should be applied.  In desert and dry areas, sand and light tan paint sticks should be applied. END DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS START PATROLLING DEFINITION OF A PATROL A patrol is defined as a detachment of ground, sea, or air forces sent out for the purpose of gathering information or carrying out a destructive, harassing, or security mission. The mission to conduct a patrol may be given to a fire team, squad, platoon, or company. A patrol member must respond quickly to the decisions and orders of the patrol leader. There must be complete confidence among all members of the patrol and the confidence that they, as a team, will be successful in their mission. THE PURPOSE Patrols are an important means of gaining information about the enemy and terrain and are used to destroy enemy installations, capture enemy personnel, perform security missions, or prevent the enemy from gaining information. Modern warfare places a high premium on effective patrolling because units have larger areas of operations. As distance between units increases, more patrolling becomes necessary to prevent infiltration by guerrillas or small enemy units. Active patrolling by numerous small groups is needed to locate the enemy and gather information on the enemy's disposition, strength, morale, and weapons, as well as gather and confirm information about the terrain. CLASSIFICATION AS TO MISSION Patrols are classified as to the mission they are to perform. The two principle types of patrols are:  Reconnaissance patrols  Combat patrols  Reconnaissance Patrol  Reconnaissance patrols gather information about the enemy, terrain, or resources. They rely on stealth rather than combat strength to gather information and fight only when necessary to complete the mission or to defend themselves.   The distance covered by reconnaissance patrols varies based on the terrain and mission. The squad is ideally suited for reconnaissance patrol missions because of its small size and its experience with working together. Combat Patrol Combat patrols, or fighting patrols, are assigned missions that usually include engaging the enemy. Combat patrols:  Gain information about the enemy and terrain.  Are employed in offensive and defensive combat operations.  Establish and/or maintain contact with friendly or enemy forces.  Deny the enemy access to key terrain.  Probe enemy positions to determine the nature and extent of enemy presence. TYPES OF RECONNAISSANCE PATROLS Reconnaissance patrols are normally conducted by smaller units to maximize the use of:  Speed  Stealth  Patience  Concealment The sole purpose of a recon patrol is to reach an objective, observe and record information, and return to base without being compromised by the enemy. The three types of recon patrols are:  Route  Area  Zone Route Route reconnaissance is a directed effort to obtain detailed information of a specified route and all terrain from which the enemy could influence movement along that route. It is also described as a form of reconnaissance focused along a specific line of communications to provide new or updated information on route conditions and activities along the route such as:  A road  A railway  A waterway Area An area reconnaissance is a directed effort to obtain detailed information concerning the terrain or enemy activity within a prescribed area such as:  A town  Ridgeline  Other features critical to operations An area reconnaissance could also be made of a single point such as:  A bridge  An installation Emphasis is placed on reaching the area without being detected. Enemy situations encountered en route are only developed enough to allow the reconnoitering unit to report and bypass. Zone A zone reconnaissance is a directed effort to obtain detailed information concerning:  All routes  Obstacles (to include chemical or radiological contamination)  Terrain  Enemy forces within a zone defined by boundaries A zone reconnaissance is normally assigned when the enemy situation is vague or when information concerning cross-country traffic ability is desired. The commander specifies routes or areas of interest within the zone. The zone to be reconnoitered is usually defined by a line of departure, lateral boundaries, and a limit of advance. TYPES OF COMBAT PATROLS Combat patrols are armed and equipped as necessary for accomplishing the mission. In addition to binoculars, wire cutters, compasses, and other equipment common to all patrols, it usually carries a high proportion of automatic weapons and grenades. The four types of combat patrols are:  Raid  Contact  Ambush  Security Raid A raid is a surprise attack on an enemy force or installation with the attacking force withdrawing after accomplishing its mission. Raids:  Destroy or capture enemy personnel or equipment.  Destroy installations.  Free friendly personnel who have been captured by the enemy. Surprise, firepower, and violence of action are the keys to a successful raid. Patrols achieve surprise by attacking:  When the enemy is least prepared (e.g., during periods of poor visibility such as darkness, rain, fog, or snow)  From an unexpected direction (This might be accomplished by approaching through a swamp or other seemingly impassable terrain.)  With concentration of firepower at critical points within the objective Contact Contact patrols establish and/or maintain contact to the front, flanks, or rear by:  Establishing contact with an enemy force when the definite location of the force is unknown  Maintaining contact with enemy forces through direct and/or indirect fires, or observation  Avoiding decisive engagement with the enemy Ambush An ambush is a surprise attack from a concealed position upon a moving or temporarily halted target. It is one of the oldest and most effective types of military actions. Ambush patrols conduct ambushes of enemy patrols, resupply columns, and convoys. The intent of an ambush is to place the enemy in a dilemma where staying in the kill zone or attempting to move out of it prove equally lethal. The ambush may include an assault to close with and decisively engage the enemy, or the attack may be by fire only.  A near ambush is a point ambush where the attacking force is located within reasonable assaulting distance of the killing zone (50 meters is a guide). A near ambush is most often conducted in close terrain, such as a jungle or heavy woods.  A far ambush is a point ambush where the attack force is located beyond reasonable assaulting distance of the killing zone (beyond 50 meters is a guide). A far ambush may be more appropriate in open terrain offering good fields of fire or when the target will be attacked by fire only. Security Security patrols are assigned missions that may or may not require them to engage the enemy. They are used in proximity to defensive positions, on the flanks of advancing units, or in rear areas.  Purposes of security patrols are to detect infiltration by the enemy, destroy infiltrators, and protect against surprise and ambush attacks. In any situation where there is a threat of attack, such as a rear area threatened by guerrillas or a facility that is under threat of a terrorist attack, all Marines, not just the infantry, must know how to conduct a security patrol.  In offensive operations, infantry units provide security patrols to screen their flanks, areas, and routes.  In defensive operations, security patrols are used to prevent the enemy from infiltrating an area, detect and destroy infiltrators, and prevent surprise attacks. TASK ORGANIZATION (SQUAD) A combat patrol is organized around the current structure of a Marine rifle platoon or squad. A combat patrol leader should use the unit's normal organization (fire team, squad, and platoon) to assign functions, patrol missions, and chain of command. Combat patrols must be able to perform the following basic functions en route to and from the objective:  Provide control.  Provide security.  Provide support by fire.  Attack or assault the objective. A rifle squad could task-organize as a combat patrol as follows:  Patrol headquarters  First fire team (security)  Second fire team (support)  Third fire team (assault) CLASSIFICATION AS TO MEANS OF MOVEMENT Patrols are further classified by their means of movement. The four most common means of transportation for Marines conducting a patrol are:  Foot patrols  Motorized patrols  Waterborne patrols  Helicopterborne patrols Foot Patrols Movement by foot is the most common means; however, there are inherent disadvantages.  Foot patrols travel slowly and carry limited quantity and types of equipment and supplies.  Range and area coverage is relatively restricted. Foot patrols also have apparent advantages because they have fewer terrain restrictions; they are more difficult for the enemy to detect; they provide thorough coverage within limits of range; and they are generally not inhibited by weather. Motorized Patrols Where terrain and road networks permit, a motorized patrol overcomes the inherent disadvantages of the foot patrol.  Mechanized forces require patrolling units that can keep pace with them.  However, motorized patrols are restricted to certain types of terrain and tend to bypass areas that may be advantageous to or occupied by enemy infantry. Waterborne Patrols Waterborne patrols move over:  Seas  Lakes  Rivers and streams  Canals  Other inland waterways The water is either used as a medium of entry to an objective area or is the actual patrol route. Waterborne patrols are limited by the location of water routes in the terrain and tend to bypass areas that may be advantageous to or occupied by the enemy. Helicopterborne Patrols Helicopterborne patrols are a method or means to conduct a patrol or as a means to insert and/or extract a foot patrol where terrain is extremely difficult or the enemy situation precludes the use of vehicle or motorized patrols. CHECKPOINT A checkpoint is defined as a predetermined point on the surface of the Earth used as a means of controlling movement, a registration target for fire adjustment, or a reference for location. Checkpoints are a means of control between the parent unit and the patrol.  These locations are decided upon and coordinated before the patrol leaves so the patrol members and parent unit will know the patrol's location when it reports in.  The parent unit can follow the progress of the patrol without transmitting coordinates over the radio that the enemy could monitor. RALLY POINT A rally point is an easily identified point on the ground where units can reassemble and reorganize if they become separated. It should:  Provide cover and concealment  Be defensible  Be easily recognized and known to all patrol members All rally points are considered and identified as:  Tentative rally points until they are occupied  Suitable  Designated as rally points by the patrol leader RALLY POINT SELECTION The initial rally point and the objective rally point are always selected and identified in the patrol order. If necessary, the patrol leader selects additional rally points en route as suitable locations are reached. When the patrol reaches a danger area that cannot be bypassed, such as an open meadow or stream, the patrol leader selects a rally point on the near and far side of the area.  If good locations are not available, the patrol leader designates the rally points in relation to the danger area.  For example, the patrol leader will say, "50 meters this side of the trail," or "50 meters beyond the stream." These rally points should only be used when all other methods of retaining control of the patrol have failed. The success of the patrol may be jeopardized if it is dispersed and cannot rally expeditiously. Initial Rally Point The initial rally point is within friendly lines where the patrol can rally if it becomes separated before departing the friendly area or before reaching the first en route rally point.  It may be the assembly area where the patrol waits while the patrol leader contacts the last friendly position through which the patrol will pass.  The location of the initial rally point must be coordinated with the forward unit commander.  En Route Rally Point  En route rally points are located between the initial rally point and the objective rally point, and from the objective rally point back to the point where the patrol reenters friendly lines. They are determined as the patrol passes through a likely area that is suitable for a rally point. Objective Rally Point The objective rally point is located nearest the objective where the patrol makes final preparations prior to approaching the objective. It also serves as a location where the patrol reassembles after completing actions on the objective. The objective rally point must be suitable to accommodate those activities accomplished prior to actions on the objective.  This position must provide the patrol concealment from enemy observation and, if possible, cover from enemy fires.  It may be located short of, to a flank, or beyond the objective.  It should be out of sight, sound, and small-arms range of the objective area. The patrol leader's reconnaissance of the objective is made from the objective rally point; it is the release point from which patrol elements and teams move to the objective to accomplish the mission. RALLY POINT ACTIONS The patrol leader plans the actions to be taken at rally points and instructs the patrol accordingly in the patrol order. Planned actions at the initial rally point and en route rally points must provide for the continuation of the patrol as long as there is a reasonable chance to accomplish the mission. Plans for actions at rally points should provide for the following:  Recognition signals for assembly at rally points  Minimum number of members and maximum amount of waiting time required before the senior member at the rally point moves the rallied patrol members toward the objective or returns to friendly lines  Instructions for patrol members who find themselves alone at a rally point DANGER AREA A danger area is defined as any place where the patrol is vulnerable to enemy observation or fire such as:  Open areas  Roads  Trails and obstacles Obstacles are also danger areas, for example:  Barbed wire  Minefields  Rivers, streams, and lakes Any known or suspected enemy position the patrol must pass is also a danger area. The patrol leader must plan for crossing each danger area and include these plans in the order. ENEMY CONTACT A patrol may make contact with the enemy at any time. Contact may be through:  Observation  Meeting engagement  Ambush In patrolling, contacts (visual or physical) are often:  Unexpected  At very close range  Short in duration Effective enemy fire often provides leaders with little or no time to fully evaluate situations and issue orders. In these situations, immediate action provides a means for swiftly initiating positive offensive or defensive action, as appropriate. Observation Observation contact is only visual. The patrol sights the enemy but is not itself detected. When this is the case, the patrol leader decides whether to make or avoid physical contact based upon the patrol's assigned mission and capability to successfully engage the enemy unit. Meeting Engagement This is a combat action that occurs when a moving force, incompletely deployed for battle, engages an enemy at an unexpected time and place.  This is an accidental meeting.  Neither the enemy nor the patrol expect contact.  Neither the enemy nor the patrol are specifically deployed for engaging the other. Ambush An ambush is a surprise attack from a concealed position upon a moving or temporarily halted target. It is one of the oldest and most effective types of military actions. Ambush patrols conduct ambushes of enemy patrols, resupply columns, and convoys. The intent of an ambush is to place the enemy in a dilemma where staying in the kill zone or attempting to move out of it prove equally lethal. The ambush may include:  An assault to close with and decisively engage the enemy  Atttack may be by fire only IMMEDIATE ACTION (IA) DRILLS Immediate action (IA) drills are designed to provide swift and positive small unit reaction to visual or physical contact with the enemy. They are simple courses of action in which all Marines are well trained.   Minimal signals or commands are required, and they are developed as needed for the combat situation. The signals can, in many cases, be initiated by any member of the unit. IMMEDIATE HALT DRILLS When the patrol detects the enemy but is not itself detected, the situation requires the immediate, in-place halt of the patrol.  The first member visually detecting the enemy gives the silent signal for freeze.  Every member halts in place with their weapon ready and remains absolutely motionless and quiet until further signals or orders are given.  Anyone in the patrol may call an immediate halt and everyone must freeze in place.  The patrol leader is the only member to give the command to resume the patrol.  AIR OBSERVATION AND/OR ATTACK  These immediate actions are designed to reduce the danger of detection by aircraft and casualties from air attack. Air observation occurs when an unidentified or known enemy aircraft, which may detect the patrol, is heard or seen; the appropriate IA drill is to freeze. However, when an aircraft detects the patrol and makes a low-level attack, the IA drill for air attack is used. During an air attack, the patrol may return fire only on the order from the patrol leader. MEETING ENGAGEMENT DRILLS If the patrol sights the enemy but has not yet been detected and the hand-and-arm signal freeze is given, the appropriate immediate action is a hasty ambush. If accidental contact occurs where neither the patrol nor the enemy are specifically prepared to deal with it, immediate assault is the correct immediate action. The hasty ambush and the immediate assault rapidly deploy the patrol for combat. Hasty Ambush This IA drill is a defensive measure to avoid contact with the enemy if the enemy turns out to be larger than your unit and it can also be used as an offensive drill to make contact with the enemy. It is often a subsequent action after the command freeze has been given.   When used as a defensive measure to avoid contact, the hasty ambush is not initiated unless the patrol is detected. When used as an offensive measure, the enemy is allowed to advance to the most vulnerable position before the ambush is initiated. Immediate Assault Immediate assaults can be used defensively or offensively. The immediate assault is used defensively to make and quickly break undesired but unavoidable contact with the enemy. An immediate assault is used offensively to decisively engage the enemy.   When used defensively, the assault is stopped if the enemy withdraws and contact is broken quickly. If the enemy stands fast, the assault continues through the enemy position and further until enemy contact is broken. When used offensively, the enemy is decisively engaged. Any enemy attempting to escape are pursued and killed or captured. Hasty Ambush This IA drill is a defensive measure to avoid contact with the enemy if the enemy turns out to be larger than your unit and it can also be used as an offensive drill to make contact with the enemy. It is often a subsequent action after the command freeze has been given.  When used as a defensive measure to avoid contact, the hasty ambush is not initiated unless the patrol is detected.  When used as an offensive measure, the enemy is allowed to advance to the most vulnerable position before the ambush is initiated. COUNTER AMBUSH DRILLS If the patrol is ambushed, the immediate action drill used depends upon whether the ambush is a near ambush (within 50 meters) or a far ambush (beyond 50 meters). Near Ambush  In a near ambush:  The killing zone is under very heavy, highly concentrated, close range fires.  There is little time or space for members to maneuver or seek cover.  The longer they remain in the killing zone, the greater the chance they will become casualties. If members are in the killing zone of a near ambush, they immediately assault directly into the ambush position, occupy it, and continue the assault or break contact as directed. Far Ambush In a far ambush:  The killing zone is under very heavy, highly concentrated fires from a greater range.  The greater range provides maneuver space and opportunity to seek cover at a lesser risk of becoming a casualty.  If attacked by a far ambush, members in the killing zone: Immediately return fire.  Take the best available positions.  Continue firing until directed otherwise. Members who are not in the killing zone maneuver against the ambush force. The assault is continued against the enemy until the order to break contact is given. BREAKING CONTACT If the patrol leader decides to break contact with the enemy force there are two methods used: fire and maneuver, and the clock system. Break Contact Fire and Maneuver One portion of the patrol returns the enemy fire while another portion bounds away from the enemy. Each portion of the patrol covers the other by fire until the entire patrol breaks contact. The patrol can bound by elements, fire teams, or individuals. Break Contact Clock System Using the clock system, the patrol leader shouts a direction and distance. Twelve o'clock is always the direction of movement of the patrol. If the patrol leader shouts, "Nine o'clock, 200 meters," this means the patrol is to move in the direction of nine o'clock for 200 meters. END PATROLLING END OF FIRE TEAM OPERATIONS