Gibbs’ Phenomenon In practice it may be impossible to use all the terms of a Fourier series. For example, suppose we have a device that manipulates a periodic signal by ﬁrst ﬁnding the Fourier series of the signal, then manipulating the si nusoidal components, and, ﬁnally, reconstructing the signal by adding up the modiﬁed Fourier series. Such a device will only be able to use a ﬁnite number of terms of the series. Gibbs’ phenomenon occurs near a jump discontinuity in the signal. It says that no matter how many terms you include in your Fourier series there will always be an error in the form of an overshoot near the disconti nuity. The overshoot always be about 9% of the size of the jump. We illustrate with the example. of the square wave sq(t). The Fourier series of sq(t) ﬁts it well at points of continuity. But there is always an overshoot of about .18 (9% of the jump of 2) near the points of discontinuity. 1.18 1 1.18 1 t −1 1 t −1 1 −1 −1.18 −1 −1.18 Gibbs: max n = 1 Gibbs: max n = 3 1.18 1 1.18 1 t −1 1 −1 −1.18 Gibbs: max n = 9 t −1 1 −1 −1.18 Gibbs: max n = 33 In these ﬁgures, for example, ’max n=9’ means we we included the terms for n = 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 in the Fourier sum � � 4 sin 3t sin 5t sin 7t sin 9t sin t + + + + . π 3 5 7 9