Diesel Engine (Cont.)

Diesel Engine continued units definition kJ := 1000J Limitations of air standard cycle Features of real engine: real gas properties combustion parameters modify rate of pressure change heat transfer occurs during process & cylinder cooling intake and exhaust processes modify parts of the p-v diagram valve losses friction between piston rings and cylinder walls => reduced power output turbocharging modifies some of process data for plot ftr := 1 ftr = 1 for model p-v Dual Cycle pressure (bar) 60 fuel injected 40 20 exhaust valve opens 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 exhaust valve closes volume (m^3/kg) indicator diagram theoretical model for analysis supercharging or turbocharging mf_dot fuel intake engine exhaust inlet pressure increased + increased mass of air; need more fuel; power ~ mass but .. pressure + => increased loads mass further increased by cooler normally driven by exhaust turbine stack ma_dot air compressor 10/25/2006 see Woud 7.6 turbine 1 Designation of diesels (somewhat arbitrary) slow speed 70 -250 rpm 76-250 rpm (2 stroke) RPM piston ft/min speed m/sec BMEP psi bar 1200-1600 6.1 - 8.1 190-300 13-21 medium speed 350-1200 rpm 400-1000 rpm high speed >1200 rpm A.D.C. 750-1000 rpm Manbw.com marine engine programmes 1200-1800 6.1-9.1 190-350 13-24 1600-2000 8.1-10.2 100-300 7 - 21 2 stroke; 4 stroke turbocharged vs. normal aspiration fuel grade 1.3.1 Slow-, Medium-, High-Speed Diesel Engines Slow-Speed Engines means diesel engines having a rated speed of less than 400 rpm. Medium Speed Engines diesel engines having a rated speed of 400 rpm or more; but, approximately less than 1200 rpm. High-Speed Engines means diesel engines having a rated speed of approximately 1200 rpm or more. Operating Characteristics MCR = maximum_continuous_rating continuous_service_rating = MCR⋅(1 − engine_margin%) mean_indicated_pressure⋅η mechanical = mean_effective_pressure MEP⋅ rpm = brake_power_output 10/25/2006 rated_MEP⋅ rated_rpm = MCR 2 MIP⋅η mech = MEP MEP limits engine power example 11.7 calculations Engine Layout (ship power with engine design limits, MCR minimum determined data sourced from text example 11.7 page 462. Ship has attached generator. Design condition (propulsion specified ( and power) - plotted, plus generator - plotted) shown with two additional off design plots: light load (lower resistance with half load on generator) heavy - weather, heavily fouled etc Engine margin (EM) = 0.85, engine is limited to 103% rpm at MCR and constant Bmep below MCR. 100 P B_mcr 103 100 ⋅100 P B_mcr power (% of MCR) 95 90 PB 85 ⋅100 P B_mcr 80 75 70 90 92 94 96 98 100 rpm (% of MCR) design (service) design propulsion point engine design point (+ generator) engine design (propulsion + generator) light ship heavy condition bmep limit This is a busy curve and will be explained in lecture. 10/25/2006 3 102 104 106 108 fuel consumption see handout and PA6B chart also typical operating zone Improvements to Diesels - fuel efficiency increased 15-25% over two decades - use of lower quality fuel waste heat recovery mf_dot fuel intake engine exhaust stack ma_dot air compressor turbine energy balance typical large 2 stroke diesel Input: Outputs: Wx 0.45⋅ mf_dot ⋅LHV 45 % mprod_dot⋅ cp_prod⋅ ( 560 − 298.15) exhaust @ 560 K cooled to 25 C 29 % charge air cooler cooled to 450 -> 30 C 14 % ma_dot⋅ cp_air⋅ ( 450 − 303.15) cooling 360 K -> 340 K 11 % mwater_dot⋅ cwater⋅ ( 360 − 340 ) oil cooler 10/25/2006 mf_dot ⋅LHV 100 % ~1% 4 Diesel Engine Pollution Control Ref: Low Emission Medium-Speed Diesel Engines , Horst W. Koehler and Claus Windlev, Marine Technology, Vol. 38, No. 4, October 2001, pp. 261-267 Typical engine: volume air (7.5 kg/kW*hr) 71 % N2 19 % O2 fuel (180 gm/kW*hr) 97 % HC 3 %S lube oil (0.8 gm/kW*hr Ca=calcium 97.5 % HC 1.5 % Ca 1%S 18 cyl 4 stroke 26,000 hp @ 500 rpm => 82 tonnes (1000 kg) fuel per day 3400 tonnes induced air 1/2 tonne lube oil => ~ 3500 tonnes combustion products combustion products 99.7 % N 2 , O2 , CO2 , H2 0 typical: N2 , 74.3 % O2 , 11.3 % CO 2 , 6 % H2 0 0.3 % pollutants: NO x, SOx, HC, CO, particles 8.1 % gm/KW-hr NO x, 17 SOx, 10 HC, 1 CO, 0.8 particles 0.25 CO 2 => greenhouse effect, coastal areas may require low sulpher fuel most serious NOx 10/25/2006 5 NOx Control see NVR emissions - strongly dependent on peak temperature during burning Control 1) reduce amounts formed a. reduce maximum pressure by delaying injection b. recirculating part of exhaust c. reduce amount of scavenging air d. spray water during combustion e. use emulsion of oil and water - reduces NO x by ~ 25 % 2) remove from exhaust - catalytic converters not practical - too much air a. Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCTR) mix exhaust gases (300-400 C) with correct amount of amonia - pass through catalyst 4 ⋅ NO + 4 ⋅ NH3 + O2 = 4N2 + 6H⋅ O2 6 ⋅ NO2 + 8 ⋅ NH3 = 7N2 + 12H⋅ O2 urea - organic compoound of Carbon, N 2 , O2 , & H2 used more widely 90 % reduction can be achieved In use today - typically during entry to port see ASNE presentation re: emissions and ... New rules to reduce emissions from ships enter into force http://www.imo.org/Newsroom/mainframe.asp?topic_id=1018&doc_id=4884 The Annex VI regulations set limits on sulphur oxide (SO x) and nitrogen oxide (NO x) emissions from ship exhausts and prohibit deliberate emissions of ozone-depleting substances and ... Shipping Emissions Abatement and Training (SEAaT) paper http://www.seaat.org/media/EmissionControlv052.doc on emissions This international legislation covering all shipping activity establishes Sulphur Emissions Control Areas (SECAs) which are geographically defined areas where ships must limit their SOx emissions The first of these, the Baltic Sea, will come into effect on May 20, 2006, with the North Sea and English Channel becoming SECAs in 2007 Shipping Emissions Abatement and Training (SEAaT) SEAaT is a cross-industry, unique, pro-active and self funding group, whose mission is to encourage and facilitate efficient reduction of harmful emissions to air from shipping N.B. these links do not work in the pdf format. It is necessary that the linked files be located and connected - they can be made to work but it take some time. the ASNE presentation, PA6B chart and Marine Technology paper (documents) are on the web. The other links are on the web 10/25/2006 6