Linguistics Answer Note #18

Question 1 12:05 O S ▲ 4G 91% 2/6 Q : III. Rewrite the sentence according to the Instru- ctions given in brackets. (10 marks) 1. We had dinner at the restaurant last night. It has delicious food. (Join the sentences using suitable relative pronoun.) 2. They climbed Mount Everest and reached the summit. (Use "not only.... but also".) 3. The teacher inspired me to get the first prize in the essay competition. (Use "It is/was.... who/ that....".) 4. The audience was captivated by the music. They clapped and cheered. (Join the sentences using participle phrase.) 5. Learning a new language can be a fun and rewarding experience. It doesn't matter how young of old you are. (Join the sentences, using "No matter how....) 6. The weather was extremely hot. We could not go outside. (Join the sentences, using linking word "owing to".) 7. I want to win the lottery to buy a house in the city centre. (Use "the second conditional".) 8. You finish your chores. You can play with your friends. (Join the sentences, using appropriate "Subordinating conjunction".) 9. I'll bring an umbrella. It rains during our outdoor excursion. (Join the sentences, using appropriate "Subordinating conjunction".) 10. She (can/should) consider all the options before making a decision. (Choose the correct option.) Supplementary Grammar Exercises (Linking words to show cause and effect) 1. I wore a jacket. It was cold outside. (because) 2. She was happy. She received a gift. (because) 3. They arrived late. There was heavy traffic. (because of) 4. We couldn't go to the park. It was raining. (because) 5. He missed the bus. He overslept. (as a result of) 6. She couldn't find her keys. She misplaced them. (as a result of) 7. He failed the test. He didn't study. (because) 8. We couldn't go to the party. We were sick. (as a consequence) 9. They got wet. They played in the rain. (as a consequence) 10. The baby cried. She was hungry. (because) 11. They canceled the game. There was a bad weather. (because of) 12. She was late for work. The train delayed. (as a result) 13. The car broke down. They had to call for help. (consequently) 14. They missed the train. They ran late. (as a consequence) 15. He fell and hurt himself. The floor was slippery. (because of) IV (B) Answer the questions in complete sentence. (5 marks) 1. What is making our planet warmer than usual? 2. What are five major types of environmental pollution? 3. What does polluted water include? 4. Why must forests be protected? V. (1) Read the passage. Our way of life has caused many serious environmental problems such as global warming and climate change. As a result, the world's ecosystems are changing faster than ever before. Take a moment and look at our surroundings - the air we breathe, the water we drink and the land we live Answer 1. What is making our planet warmer than usual? Response: The Earth's rising temperature is primarily caused by the increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. These gases trap heat from the sun and prevent it from escaping into space, leading to a greenhouse effect. 2. What are five major types of environmental pollution? Response: The five major types of environmental pollution are air pollution, water pollution, land pollution, noise pollution, and light pollution. Each of these types has different sources and impacts on the environment and human health. 3. What does polluted water include? Response: Polluted water can include a variety of contaminants, such as chemicals, microorganisms, and other harmful substances that can have negative effects on aquatic ecosystems and human health. Examples of pollutants in water include pesticides, sewage, heavy metals, and plastic waste. 4. Why must forests be protected? Response: Forests play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of our ecosystem. They provide oxygen, clean air, and water, support biodiversity, and act as carbon sinks to mitigate climate change. Deforestation and degradation of forests not only lead to loss of biodiversity but also contribute to carbon emissions, further exacerbating the effects of climate change. V. (B) Answer the questions in complete sentence. (5 marks) 1. What is making our planet warmer than usual? Response: The increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, primarily from human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation, is contributing to the Earth's rising temperature. 2. What are five major types of environmental pollution? Response: The five major types of environmental pollution are air pollution, water pollution, land pollution, noise pollution, and light pollution. 3. What does polluted water include? Response: Polluted water can include a variety of contaminants, such as chemicals, microorganisms, and other harmful substances that can have negative effects on aquatic ecosystems and human health. 4. Why must forests be protected? Response: Forests play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of our ecosystem and mitigating the effects of climate change. They provide oxygen, clean air and water, support biodiversity, and act as carbon sinks. Deforestation and degradation of forests can have detrimental effects on the environment and human health. Question 2 read this article and answer the questions Lizzie Borden Article #1 The Fall River Herald 8/4/1892 SHOCKING CRIME. A Venerable Citizen and His Aged Wife HACKED TO PIECES THEIR HOME. Mr. and Mrs. Andrew Borden Lose Their Lives AT THE HANDS OF A DRUNKEN FARM HAND. Police Searching Actively for the Fiendish Murderer. The community was terribly shocked this morning to hear that an aged man and his wife had fallen victims to the thirst of a murderer, and that an atrocious deed had been committed. The news spread like wildfire and hundreds poured into Second street. The deed was committed at No. 62 Second street, where for years Andrew J. Borden and his wife had lived in happiness. It is supposed that an axe was the instrument used, as the bodies of the victims are hacked almost beyond recognition. Since the discovery of the deed the street in front of the house has been blocked by an anxious throng, eagerly waiting for the news of the awful tragedy and vowing vengeance on the assassin. "FATHER IS STABBED." The first intimation the neighbors had of the awful crime was a groaning followed by a cry of "murder!" Mrs. Adelaide Churchill, who lives next door to the Bordens, ran over and heard Miss Borden cry: "Father is stabbed; run for the police !" Mrs. Churchill hurried across the way to the livery stable to get the people there to summon the police John Cunningham who was passing, learned of the murder and telephoned to police headquarters and Officer Allen was sent to investigate the case. Meanwhile the story spread rapidly and a crowd gathered quickly, A HERALD reporter entered the house, and a terrible sight met his view. On the lounge in the cosy sitting room on the first floor of the building lay Andrew J. Borden, dead. His face presented a sickening sight. Over the left temple a wound six by four had been made as it the head had been pounded with the dull edge of an axe. The left eye bad been dug out and a cut extended the length of the nose. The face was hacked to pieces and the blood had covered the man's shirt and soaked into his clothing. Everything about the room was in order, and there were no signs of a scuffle of any kind. SEVEN WOUNDS Upstairs in a neat chamber in the northwest corner of the house, another terrible sight met the view. On the floor between the bed and the dressing case lay Mrs. Borden, stretched full length, one arm extended and her face resting upon it. Over the left temple the skull was fractured and no less than seven wounds were found about the head. She had died evidently where she had been struck, for her life blood formed a ghastly clot on the carpet. Dr. Bowen was the first physician to arrive, but life was extinct, and from the nature of the wounds it is probable that the suffering of both victims was very short. The police were promptly on hand and strangers were kept at a distance. Miss Borden was so overcome by the awful circumstances that she could not be seen, and kind friends led her away and cared for her. A squad of police who had arrived conducted a careful hunt over the premises for trace of the assailant. No weapon was found and there was nothing about the house to indicate who the murderer might have been. A clue was obtained, however, a Portuguese whose name nobody around the house seem to know, has been employed on one of the Swansey farms owned by Mr. Borden. About 9 o'clock this man went to the house and asked to see Mr. Borden. He had a talk with his employer and asked for the wages due him. Mr. Borden told the man he had no money with him, to call later. If anything more passed between the men it cannot be learned. At length the Portuguese departed and Mr. Borden soon afterward started down town. His first call was to Peter Leduc's barber shop, where he was shaved about 9:30 o'clock. He then dropped into the Union bank to transact some business and talked with Mr. Hart, treasurer of the savings bank, of which Mr. Borden was president. As nearly as can be learned after that he went straight home. He took off his coat and composed himself comfortably on the lounge to sleep. It is presumed, from the easy attitude in which his body lay, that he was asleep when the deadly blow was struck. It is thought that Mrs. Borden was in the room at the time, but was so overcome by the assault that she had no strength to make an outcry. In her bewilderment, she rushed upstairs and went to in to her room. She must have been followed up the stairs by the murderer, and as she was retreating into the furthest corner of the room, she was felled by the deadly axe. MISS BORDEN ATTRACTED The heavy fall and a subdued groaning attracted Miss Borden into the house. There the terrible sight which has been described met her gaze. She rushed to the staircase and called the servant, who was washing a window in her room on the third floor. So noiselessly had the deed been done that neither of them was aware of the bloody work going on so near them. To a police officer, Miss Borden said she was at work in the barn about 10 o'clock. On her return she found her father in the sitting room with a horrible gash in the side of his head. He appeared at the time as though he had been bit while in a sitting posture. Giving the alarm, she rushed up stairs to find her mother, only to be more horrified to find that person lying between the dressing case and the bed sweltering in a pool of blood. It appeared as though Mrs. Borden had seen the man enter, and the man, knowing his dastardly crime would be discovered, had followed her upstairs and finished his fiendish work. It was a well known fact that Mrs. Borden always left the room when her husband was talking business with anyone. A person knowing this fact could easily spring upon his victim without giving her a chance to make an outcry. Miss Borden had seen no person enter or leave the place. The man who had charge of her father's farm was held in the highest respect by Mr. Borden. His name was Alfred Johnson, and he trusted his employer so much that he left his bank book at Mr. Borden's house for safe keeping. The young lady had not the slightest suspicion of his being connected with the crime. As far as the Portuguese suspected of the crime was concerned, she knew nothing of him, as he might have been a man who was employed by the day in the busy season. What his motive could have been it is hard to tell, as Mr. Borden had always been kind to his help. Another statement made by the police, and which, thought apparently light, would bear investigation, is the following: Some two weeks ago a man applied to Mr. Borden to the lease of a store on South Main street that was vacant. After a short time as Miss Borden was passing the room loud words were heard her father making the remark. I will not let it for that purpose." Quietness was restored in a short while, and when the man departed her father said: When you come to town next time I will let you know." This was two weeks ago; but in the mean time the store has been let to another party, but why a person would commit such a brutal affair because of being refused the rental of a store is hard to see. Miss Borden thinks that the party wanted the store for the sale of liquor, and her father refused. It was dark at the time of his calling and she did not recognize his features. WENT TO SWANSEY . At 12 :45 o'clock Marshal Hilliard and Officers Doherty and Connors procured a carriage and drove over to the farm, hoping that the suspected man would return there in order to prove an alibi. The officers will arrive at the place some time before the man, as the distance is some ten miles, though it is hardly probable that he will return there. What makes it rather improbable that the man suspected is a Portuguese laborer is the statement of Charles Gifford of Swansey. Mr. Gifford says that the only Portuguese employed on the upper farm is Mr. Johnson, and he is confined to his bed by illness. Another man might be employed by Mr. Borden on the lower farm for a few days, but he does not believe it. An attempt was made to reach Swansey by telephone, but no answer was received. A SIGNIFICANT INCIDENT. Among the significant incidents revealed in the search through the premises was brought to light by John Donnelly, who with others searched through the barn to see if any trace of the fugitive could be found there. In the hay was seen the perfect outline of a man as it one had slept there overnight. Besides this, it was evident that the sleeper was either restless or had been there before, because an imprint was found in another part of the hay that corresponded with the outlines at the first impression. Somebody may have been in the habit of going there for a nap, but the imprint was that of a person of about five feet six inches tall, and was shorter than Mr. Borden. This has given rise to the suspicion that the murderer may have slept about the place and waited for an opportunity to accomplish his deed. ANOTHER STORY. Another sensational story is being told in connection with the murder. It appears that the members of the family have been ill for some days and the symptoms were very similar to those of poison. In the light of subsequent events this sickness has been recalled. It has been the custom of the family to receive its supply of milk from the Swansey farm every morning, and the can was left out of doors until the servant opened the house in the morning. Ample opportunity was afforded, therefore, for anybody who had a foul design to tamper with the milk, and this circumstance will be carefully investigated by the police. Medical Examiner Dolan, who promptly responded to the call for his presence, made a careful examination of the victims and reached the conclusion that the wounds were inflicted by a heavy, sharp weapon like an axe or hatchet. He found the skull fractured in both instances and concluded that death was instantaneous. As to the blow which killed Mrs. Borden he thought that it had been delivered by a tall man, who struck the woman from behind. A BOGUS LETTER. It is reported that Mrs. Borden received a letter this morning announcing the illness of a very dear friend and was preparing to go to see her. This letter has turned out to be a bogus one, evidently intended to draw her away from home. In this case it would look as if the assault had been carefully planned. A suspicious character was seen on Second street this morning who seemed to be on the lookout for somebody, and the police have a description of the man. Marshal Hilliard, Officers Dowdy and Connors went to Swansey this afternoon, but found the men at work on the upper farm who had been employed there of late. The lower farm will be visited at once. William Eddy has charge of this one. At 2:15 o'clock a sturdy Portuguese named Antonio Auriel was arrested in a saloon on Columbia street and brought into the police station. The man protested his innocence and sent after Joseph Chaves, clerk for Talbot & Co, who recognized the man, and he was immediately released. Andrew J. Borden was born in this city 69 years ago. By perseverance and industry he accumulated a fortune. A short time since he boasted that he had yet to spend his first foolish dollar. Mr. Borden was married twice. His second wife was the daughter of Oliver Gray and was born on Rodman street. He had two children by his first wife, Emma and Elizabeth. The former is out of town on a visit and has not yet learned of the tragedy. Mr. Borden was at the time of his death president of the Union saving's bank and director in the Durfee bank, Globe yarn, Merchants and Troy mill. He was interested in several big real estate deals, and was a very wealthy man Label any text features such as headlines, subtitles, diagrams, and photo captions. What do you expect the news article to be about according to these text features? What impression do they give you about the topic before reading the news story? Read the news story for the first time. Then, write a brief summary. Which sentence(s) from the article support your summary? Put a STAR beside these lines. What is the purpose (MOTIVE, REASON) of this news story? Write the purpose at the top of the article. Circle any vocabulary words you do not know. Look up these words in the dictionary, and write the definitions in the margins. Note that the tone of a news article should be objective fact. Is this the case? How does the tone affect the message? Explain. Answer Dear readers, As a high-achieving high school student, I have always been fascinated by mysteries and crime. As I came across this article about the Lizzie Borden case, I was immediately intrigued and eager to read on. The headline, "Shocking Crime," drew me in and I couldn't wait to find out more. The article is packed with details and information, from the subtitle indicating that a "venerable citizen and his aged wife" were victims, to the photos at the end of the article, indicating that this was a brutal and gruesome crime. The article begins by describing the shocking events that took place on Second Street, where "for years Andrew J. Borden and his wife had lived in happiness." The brutality of the crime is evident in the description of the victims' bodies, "hacked almost beyond recognition" with "an axe [as] the instrument used." The author tells us that the news of the murder spread quickly and drew a large crowd in front of the house, all waiting for more information and seeking justice for the victims. The article then describes the sequence of events leading up to the discovery of the victims. It mentions that the daughter, Miss Borden, heard her father being attacked and called out for help. When she arrived on the scene, she found her father's body and then discovered her mother's body upstairs. Details of the victims' wounds and the state of the house further paint a picture of the brutal crime that took place. The article also mentions possible suspects and motives, from a farm hand who was owed wages, to a stranger who had asked to rent a vacant store from Mr. Borden, to a potential use of poison in the family's milk. The thoroughness of the investigation is evident in the details provided, such as the description of the "significance incident" in the barn where someone had potentially been sleeping, and the police's visit to the Swansey farm to investigate potential suspects. According to the article, Mr. Borden was a well-respected and successful citizen, being a president of a savings bank and involved in various real estate deals. This only adds to the shock and mystery of the crime, and makes the motive even more elusive. The tone of the article is matter-of-fact, providing only the facts and events in a clear and concise manner. However, the subject matter and gruesome details give off a sense of shock and horror. The purpose of this article is to inform the public of the events that transpired and to provide the most accurate information possible. To fully understand and engage with this article, I researched the following vocabulary words: atrocious, fiendish, dastardly, and monstrous. Atrocious means extremely wicked or cruel, fiendish means cruel or wicked, dastardly means cowardly or sneaky, and monstrous means inhumanly cruel or wicked. These words only further emphasize the horror and brutality of the crime. Overall, this article has drawn me in with its descriptive language and thorough coverage of the events. As a high school student, I am eager to see how the investigation unfolds and hopefully find answers to the mystery of this shocking crime. Summary: The article reports on a shocking crime that occurred on Second Street, where an elderly couple, Mr. and Mrs. Borden, were murdered in their own home. The victims were found with horrific wounds, and the police are actively searching for the murderer. Various suspects and motives are being investigated, with speculations ranging from a farm hand owed wages to a business deal gone wrong. The tone of the article is neutral, but the details and events described give off a sense of shock and horror. As a high school student, I am fascinated by the case and eagerly await updates on the investigation. Purpose: The purpose of this article is to inform the public about the shocking crime that has occurred and to provide accurate information about the victims, suspects, and investigation. Question 3 For Numbers 1 through 8, choose the word that means the same, or about the same, as the underlined word. 1. inner organs a.keen b.flexible c.internal d.outer Answer The word that means the same as "inner organs" is "internal". According to MerriamWebster Dictionary, internal means "existing or situated within the limits or surface; inner, interior". Therefore, the correct answer for Numbers 1 through 8 is c. internal. To provide a more comprehensive answer, let's define the term "inner organs" and explore its significance in various academic subjects. Inner organs, or internal organs, are the organs located inside the body, such as the heart, lungs, kidneys, and liver. These organs are essential for the proper functioning of our bodies and are responsible for carrying out vital bodily processes. In biology, the study of inner organs falls under the branch of human anatomy. Understanding the structure and function of these organs is crucial in diagnosing and treating diseases and abnormalities. In addition, the study of internal organs also plays a significant role in the development of medical procedures and surgeries. In psychology, the inner organs are closely linked to the concept of psychosomatics, which suggests that our mental state and emotions can impact our physical health. For example, stress and anxiety can manifest in physical symptoms such as stomach aches or headaches. In mathematical terms, inner organs can be seen as "variables" that affect the overall equation or system. For instance, in health studies, the functioning of internal organs is often measured by calculating various levels and ratios of certain compounds within the body. In conclusion, internal organs are essential and have significant implications in various academic subjects, including biology, psychology, and math. Reliable sources for further reading on the topic of inner organs can be found in textbooks and scholarly articles related to these subjects. Additionally, consulting a healthcare professional can provide practical and specific knowledge on the functioning and importance of internal organs. Question 4 Four synonyms of Dejected, Vanity, Revile, Encourage, Incite, Rebuke, Scold and Devastate Answer Dejected is a word that means feeling sad or disheartened, and some synonyms that can be used in its place are despondent, disheartened, forlorn, and crestfallen. "Despondent" is derived from Latin meaning "to give up hope," and can be used to describe someone who has lost all hope or is in a state of deep pessimism. "Disheartened" is a more general term, meaning to lose enthusiasm or confidence, and can be used in a variety of contexts including relationships or professional situations. "Forlorn" is a word that often carries a sense of loneliness or abandonment, and can be used to describe someone who is feeling hopeless or alone. Finally, "crestfallen" literally means to have one's head hang down in defeat, and is often used to describe someone who is disappointed or sad about an unsuccessful outcome. Vanity, on the other hand, is a word that refers to excessive pride or self-importance, and some synonyms that are commonly used are conceit, ostentation, narcissism, and hubris. "Conceit" is a term that can be used to describe someone who is overly confident or selfabsorbed, often with a negative connotation. "Ostentation" refers to a showy display of wealth or success, and is often used to describe someone who seeks to impress others through extravagant displays. "Narcissism" is a word that is used to describe excessive self-love or admiration, and can also be used in a more clinical sense to describe a personality disorder. Finally, "hubris" is a term that comes from Greek mythology and refers to excessive pride or arrogance, often leading to one's downfall. Revile is a word that means to criticize or speak negatively about someone or something, and some synonyms that can be used interchangeably include condemn, disparage, berate, and denounce. "Condemn" is a word that is used to express strong disapproval or censure, and can also be used in a legal context to refer to a punishment or sentence. "Disparage" refers to speaking about someone or something in a negative or degrading manner, and is often used to undermine or belittle. "Berate" means to scold or rebuke someone severely, often in a loud and angry way. Finally, "denounce" refers to publicly and strongly condemning someone or something, often as a way to express disapproval or rejection. Encourage is a word that means to give support or motivation, and some synonyms that may be used in its place are inspire, cheer, spur, and motivate. "Inspire" refers to filling someone with a feeling of motivation or enthusiasm, often by influencing them or providing guidance. "Cheer" means to give encouragement or support, and can also refer to making someone feel happy or optimistic. "Spur" means to stimulate or motivate someone to action, and often implies a sense of urgency or pressure. Finally, "motivate" means to provide someone with a reason or purpose for taking action or behaving in a certain way. "Encourage" can also be used in a broader sense to refer to giving support or approval for a certain behavior or decision. Incite is a word that means to urge or provoke someone to take action, and some synonyms that can be used in its place are instigate, provoke, rouse, and excite. "Instigate" refers to actively urging or starting something, often in a negative or harmful way. "Provoke" means to deliberately or recklessly cause a reaction or emotion in someone, often leading to a rash or impulsive response. "Rouse" refers to stirring or arousing someone or something, often in a more passive or unintentional way. Finally, "excite" means to generate strong feelings or emotions in someone, often in a positive or pleasurable way. Rebuke is a word that means to express sharp disapproval or criticism, and some synonyms that can be used are reprimand, reproach, chastise, and chide. "Reprimand" refers to formally or officially scolding or warning someone about their behavior or actions. "Reproach" means to express disapproval or disappointment, often in a disappointed or disapproving way. "Chastise" means to criticize or reprimand someone severely, and can also imply punishment or discipline. Finally, "chide" refers to gently or mildly criticizing or scolding someone, often in an informal or affectionate way. Devastate is a word that means to destroy or ruin, and some synonyms that can be used in its place are demolish, annihilate, ravage, and decimate. "Demolish" refers to completely destroying or crushing something, often in a physical sense. "Annihilate" means to utterly destroy or defeat something, often in an overwhelming or catastrophic way. "Ravage" refers to causing extensive damage or destruction, often in a