Alternations and Derivations II

24.901 Alternations 2: Sensitivity to Morphological and Lexical Structure [1] in the examples discussed so far a rule's application is determined by neighboring sounds or its position at the beginning or end of the word or syllable. But in many cases phonological rules are sensitive to the morphological or lexical structure of the word. We survey some common types here. [2] Rule applies at a boundary between two morphemes Tangale (Chadic N. Nigeria) vowel elision possessive suffix t!:"e 'horse' t!:"-d# 'her horse' ta$a 'cow' ta$-wu 'their cow' la$#r# 'donkey la$#r-g! 'your pl. donkey' l%pra 'needle' l%p!r-"% 'your needle' wudo ‘tooth’ wud-no ‘my tooth’ law# 'child' law Lak! 'Laku's child' ara 'soup' ar k#nd# 'peanut soup' p#n-& 'know' p#n-g# 'knew' p#n-& 'knows' p#n-d# 'knows her' p#n-g# 'knew' p#n-!d-g# 'knew her' timl-e 'hypnotize' timul-go 'hypnotized' timl-un-go 'hypnotized me' associative verb • Tangale has vowel harmony for [ATR]; suffixes agree with root • Vowel elision: V -> ø / _____ ] [segment] (delete the final vowel of a morpheme when followed by another sound) • Epenthesis: ø -> u / C __ C C (right-to-left to get minimal change and a valid CVC syllable parse 3. rule applies within a domain delimited by certain affixes Italian stress and clitic pronouns 1 ri'pet-ere 'to repeat’ maci'n-are 'to grind' ri'pet -i 'you sg. repeat’ 'macin-i 'you sg. grind' ripe't-iamo 'we work' maci'n-iamo 'we grind' ri'pete ‘repeat!’ 'macina 'grind' ri'pete#lo ‘repeat it’ 'macina#lo 'grind it' ri'pete#me ‘repeat for me’ 'macina#me 'grind (for) me' ri'pete#me#lo ‘repeat it for me’ • 'macina#me#lo 'grind it for me'' stress appears in a three-syllable window at the right edge of the word that excludes pronominal (clitic) pronoun suffixes • stems are divided into those that stress the final syllable (paroxytone) and the prefinal syllable (paroxytone) • if the stress of the latter class falls outside the three-syllable window, a default penultimate stress is assigned • pronoun suffixes are more loosely attached to the stem and may appear before the verb in finite (tensed) clauses; inflectional suffixes like the infinitive and subject marking ones are tightly bound to the verb stem • in some dialects (e.g. Neapolitan) the pronominal suffixes are counted as part of the stress domain [3] Rule applies in a cycle • cycle: sensitive to inner structure before outer affixes added • Spanish depalatalization of "ll" and n' (Harris 1982) bello 'beautiful' doncella 'lass' ella 'she' beldad 'beauty' doncel el 'he' 'lad' ll -> l in coda of syllable doncel 'lad' doncel-es pl. • syllable parse is [don.ce.les] don'a 'lady' desden'-ar 'to disdain' don 'sir' desden 'disdain' noun desden-es pl. (cf. desden'-es 'you disdain subj.) the nasal of the plural desden-es is in the syllable onset and hence the wrong context for depalatalization 2 • the depalatalization is inherited from the singular form by letting the rule of depalatalization apply before the plural suffix is added cycle-1 [desden'-ar] [desden'] des.de.n'ar des.den' syllabification ------------- des.den coda depalatalization des.den-es add plural suffix des.de.nes (re)syllabify cycle-2 • In this example the cyclic suffixes of the plural are added to an independent word (the singular) while the non-cyclic suffixes are added to the verb stem, which is not an independent word; the same was true of the Italian example with clitic pronouns [4] syntax and a cycle • • In Chimwini (Bantu, Kisseberth & Abasheikh 1974) vowel length is contrastive x-te:k-a ‘to load’ x-tek-a ‘to fetch’ x-ku:l-a ‘to extract’ x-kul-a ‘to grow’ ku-ba:ram-a ‘to talk’ ku-balam-a ‘to promise’ But long vowels are only preserved in a three-syllable window at the right edge of a word ku-re:b-a ‘to stop’ ku-re:b-el-a ‘to stop for’ ku-reb-el-an-a ‘to stop for one another’ j(o:hari ‘jewel’ j(ohari-je ‘her jewel’ • x-sa:meh-a ‘to forgive’ x-sameh-an-a ‘to forgive one another’ When words are combined into sentences two additional vowel length changes occur word-final vowel is lengthened ba ‘by’ ba: noka ‘by a snake’ kama ‘like’ kama: mphaka ‘like a cat’ kolko ‘than’ kolko: mi ‘than me’ the three-syllable window for long-vowels is actually over a syntactic phrase kubiga ‘to hit’ 3 kubiga: luti ‘to hit with a stick’ kubiga: ngomi ‘to strike a drum’ kubiga rasa:si ‘to pull the trigger of a gun’ kubiga $khe$gele ‘to ring a bell’ • analysis Word-final lengthening is word-level rule while pre-antepenultimate shortening is phrasal rule; requires phrase-final shortening (no length contrast here) Word level [kubiga] [ngomi] [rasa:si] [ku-re:bel-an-a] kubiga: ngomi: rasa:si: ku-re:bel-an-a: final lengthening Phrase level [kubiga: ngomi:] [kubiga: rasa:si:] [ku-re:bel-an-a:] -------------- kubiga rasa:si: ku-rebel-an-a: pre-antepenult shorten kubiga: ngomi kubiga rasa:si ku-rebel-an-a phrase-final shortening another paradigm nu:mba ‘house’ numba: nkulu ‘a big house’ sandu:xu ‘box’ sanduxu: nzito ‘heavy box’ [4] affixal allomorphy • two (or more) shapes of an affix that cannot be related by a general rule; but the morpheme alternants are distributed according to natural phonological contexts English a ) an an apple a car a well a use an idiot a sin a yard a horse in Canada in Wellsley in Europe cf. in America • an appears before a vowel and a is the default (elsewhere) form Korean subject marker -ka ) -i, object marker lil ) il noun son cip sul kho tali pata nomin. son-i cip-i sul-i kho-ka tali-ka pata-ka 4 accus. son-il cip-il sul-il kho-lil tali-lil pata-lil 'hand' 'house' 'wine' 'nose' 'bridge' 'sea' • -i appears after a consonant and -ka after a vowel • -il appears after a consonant and -lil after a vowel • choice of affixal shape promotes optimal CV syllable structure: avoid consonant clusters and vowel sequences (hiatus); [5] Lexical classes: rule applies only to a synchronically arbitrary class of lexical items English strong verbs • default is -ed (weak verbs) with phonologically determined variants want-id, comput-id, attribut-id else: surfac-t, beep-t, drag-d, • strong verbs (c. 200) • monosyllabic, Germanic origin • some suffix –t: sleep, slep-t; leave, lef-t; • most have root vowel change (ablaut) lowering: sit-sat, ring-rang, swim-swam, eat-ate, choose-chose backing: dig-dug, win-won, grind-ground, tear-tore words move from strong to weak: shit, shat ) shitted; fly, flew ) flied out (baseball) [6] Lexical strata: Japanese (Ito & Mester 1995, 2003) • Japanese vocabulary drawn from four different sources; each has dedicated rules or constraints • Yamato (native) Rendaku (compound voicing) yu 'hot water' de-ru 'leave' hito 'person' hana ‘flower’ toofu 'tofu' kuti 'mouth' hito-bito 'people' sono ‘garden’ de-guti 'exit' yu-doofu 'boiled toofu' • Sino-Japanese (cf. English Latinate) All items underlyingly one syllable maximal size Yamato Sino Mandarin oto on yin ‘sound’ mitu san san ‘three’ gin yin ‘silver’ dai da ‘big’ in general S-J items resist redaku koo-soku ‘high speed’ kooka keesatu ‘national police’ 5 hana-zono • Mimetic (onomatopoeia) Canonical shape of two moras: kira-kira 'shining' poko-poko ‘hitting’ • koro-koro ‘rolling’ *koro-goro Foreign (Western) loans fesutibaru 'festival' furutaimu 'full time' kyampasu ‘campus’ tento ‘tent’ paati 'party' webbu 'web' nama-kurimu ‘fresh cream’ cf. nama-gome ‘uncooked rice’ kome ‘rice’ • Phonological constraints Yamato *p *NT *DD Sino-Japanese *p _____ *DD Mimetic _____ *NT *DD Foreign ______ _____ _____ nihon ) nippon ‘Japan’ yahari ) yappari ‘after all’ webbu present-future mi-ru nom-u past mi-ta non-da ‘see’ ‘drink’ ‘web’ 6