Zazaki Notes: 24.942 Day 8

(1) ais$a b'z$'k* herne (< herna + *?) Aisha bizike(f.) bought 'Aisha bought the bizike (I saw it happen)' (2) ais$a b'z$'k* herna (< herna + a?) Aisha bizike(f.) bought-EV 'Aisha bought the bizike (it's reported)' (3) ais$a non herna (< herna + Ø?) Aisha bread(m.) bought 'Aisha bought the bread (I saw it happen)' (4) ais$a non herno (< herna + o?) Aisha bread(m.) bought-EV 'Aisha bought the bread (it's reported)' Evidential forms seem to be characterized by agreement with the Absolutive argument that's like the adjective-introducing Ezafe vowel, or the morpheme that shows up where you'd expect a present-tense copula. Non-evidential forms have agreement suffixes that look like the suffixes on attributive adjectives (or, equivalently, on nominative nouns). (5) ali ne w*s$ bi Ali un- well was 'Ali was sick (I saw)' (6) ali bio ne w*s2 Ali was-EV un- well 'Ali was sick (I hear)' (7) ali bi bi ne w*s$ Ali was was un- well 'Ali had been sick'? (8) ais$a b'z$'k* pot bi bi Aisha bizike(f) cook was was 'Aisha cooked the bizike in the distant past'? or ali bi ne w*s$ Ali was un- well ...or maybe just a pluperfect? The absence of agreement with the object is surprising--maybe I mistranscribed this one. (9) ali bekiya s$*r*b s$'m'to Ali maybe wine drank-EV 'Maybe Ali drank the wine' (10) #ali bekiya s$*r*b s$'m't Ali maybe wine drank (non-EV) Failure to use evidential form with an adverb like bekiya 'maybe' is odd, since it suggests that you witnessed the event yourself and thus ought to know for sure. (11) ali ya s$*r*b s$'m't, yaki qawa s$'m't* Ali either wine(m.) drank or coffee(f.) drank 'Ali either drank wine or drank coffee' (or yaz$i, instead of yaki) (12) ali s$*r*b s$'m't(*o), m' b' c$'mane xo di Ali wine drank (*EV) I with eyes-EZ self's saw 'Ali drank wine, I saw it with my own eyes' (13) A: s$and* se bi? last.night how was 'What happened last night?' B: ais$a h*s*n pac$iky*rd Aisha Hasan kissed 'Aisha kissed Hasan' A: heya, *z inam ky*na k* ina z$umini pac$iky*rd... yes I-NOM belief do that they-OBL each.other kissed 'Yes, I believe that they kissed each other...' ...hama t' zuri kena. to e ne di. but you-NOM lie do you-OBL them-NOM not saw '...but you're lying. You didn't see them.' t' uz$a ne biya. you-NOM there not were 'You weren't there.' (14) layiki c$'ver ya ky*rd=ya yaki da=j$a boy-OBL door or did=open or gave=place 'the boy maybe opened the door or closed it...' ...hama *z ne zana [e c$' k*rd] but I-NOM not know [he-OBL what did '...but I don't know what he did' (15) layiki ya k'tab w*nd yaki s$*r*b s$'m't boy-OBL or book read or wine drank 'The boy either read a book or drank wine' (16) ewre tai c$i* x'rabi bi today some things bad-PL were (17) ewre c$uAo d* x'rab bi today thing-EZ that bad was (18) domani berbai children-NOM cried (19) ya m*h*medi kutike xo k*rd vindi, or Muhammad-OBL dog-EZ self's did lost yaki ais$a fis$tane xo k*rd q'ler'n or Aisha dress-EZ self's did dirty 'Either Muhammad lost hs dog, or Aisha ruined her dress' (20) layiki ya c$'ver k*rd=ya, yaki da =j$a boy-OBL or door did=open or gave=place 'The boy either opened the door or closed it' (21) ya layiki c$'ver k*rd=ya, yaki da =j$a or boy-OBL door did=open or gave=place 'Either the boy opened the door, or closed it' (22) ya layiki c$'ver k*rd=ya, yaki c$*n*k* or boy-OBL door did=open or girl 'Either the boy opened the door, or the girl did' (23) waxto k* ali ne w*s$ bi, e Cy*r* do b's$'m'ten* time-EZ that Ali un well was he-OBL must salty.yogurt.drink drink-PAST.INF I actually didn't get this one straight; does it mean: 'When Ali was sick, he had to drink do', or 'When Ali was sick, he should have drunk do (but didn't)'? (INF is probably a misnomer for an irrealis mood, or something, but I'll just keep calling it INF. The second ' in b's$'m'ten* has a tendency to drop, but I'll consistently write it) (24) layik ya c$ai yaki do s$'m*no boy or tea or do drinks (25) layik ya c2ai s$'m*no yaki do (s$'m*no) boy or tea drinks or do drinks (26) ya layik c$ai yaki do s$'m*no or boy tea or do drinks (27) ya layik c$ai s$'m*no yaki do (s$'m*no) or boy tea drinks or do drinks (28) ya layiki c$ai s$'m't yaki do (s$'m't) or boy-OBL tea drank or do drank (29) c$ai b's$'m*! tea drink-IMP.2SG 'Drink the tea!' (30) Cy*r* layiki ya c$ai yaki do b's$'mo must boy-OBL or tea or do drink-INF 'The boy has to drink either tea or do' (31) Cy*r* layiki ya c$ai yaki do b's$'m'ten* (...hama ne s$'m't) must boy-OBL or tea or do drink-PAST.INF but not drank 'The boy should have drunk either tea or do (...but he didn't)' (32) Cy*r* layiki ya c$ai b's$'m'ten* yaki do must boy-OBL or tea drink-PAST.INF. or do (33) Cy*r* ya layiki c$ai b's$'m'ten* yaki do (b's$'m'ten*) must or boy-OBL tea drink-PAST.INF. or do drink-PAST.INF. (34) ya Cy*r* layiki c$ai b's$'m'ten* yaki do (b's$'m'ten*) or must boy-OBL tea drink-PAST.INF. or do drink-PAST.INF. (35) ya Cy*r* layiki c$ai yaki do b's$'m'ten* or must boy-OBL tea or do drink-PAST.INF (36) ne zo (*ya) e s$'m't (yaki) ne s$'m't un known? or he-OBL drank or not drank 'We don't know if he drank it or not' (37) layiki ne qawa neki do s$'m't boy-OBL neither coffee nor do drank 'The boy drank neither coffee nor do' (38) *layiki ya qawa yaki do ne s$'m't boy-OBL or coffee or do not drank (39) ya layiki yaki c$*n*k* dina ra z$uA qawa ne s$'m't* or boy or girl them-DAT from one coffee not drank-FEM 'Either the boy or the girl didn't drink coffee' This is sort of interesting in light of the facts we talked about the next week, where negation licenses NPIs in subject position. Apparently the subject is capable of scoping outside negation (since the positive polarity item ya...yaki can modify the subject here; (38) suggests that this is indeed a positive polarity item) but, since NPIs can also be in subject position, the subject can also scope inside negation. At least, that's one way of describing it. See (50-55) for more on scope... (40) ne layiki neki c$*n*k* qawa s$'m't* neither boy-OBL nor girl coffee drank-FEM (41) h*m layiki h*m(i)ki c$*n*k* qawa s$'m't* all boy-OBL all girl coffee drank-FEM 'Both the boy and the girl drank coffee' I remember we had examples with three conjuncts, showing that h*m doesn't mean 'both', but I don't seem to have them written down. (42) ina h*m qawa s$'m't* h*m(i)ki c$ai s$'m't they-OBL all coffee drank-FEM all tea drank 'They both drank coffee and drank tea' (43) ?? h*m ina c$ai h*m(i)ki do s$'m't all they-OBL tea all do drank (44) ali waz*no k* ya qawa yaki do b's$mo Ali wants that or coffee or do drink-INF-3sg 'Ali wants to drink coffee or do' (45) ali was$ten* k* ya qawa yaki do b's$'m'ten* Ali wanted that or coffee or do drink-PAST.INF (46) ya ali waz*no k* qawa yaki do b's$mo... or Ali wants that coffee or do drink-INF 'Ali either wants to drink coffee or do...' (47) ...hama *z ne zana o kDamj$i s$'m*no. but I not know he which will-drink (48) ...hama *z ne zana o c$' waz*no b's$mo. but I not know he what wants drink-INF (49) *...hama *z ne zana o waz*no k* kDamj$i b's$mo. but I not know he wants thta which drink-INF (50) ali ne qawa neki c$ay waz*no b's$mo Ali neither coffee nor tea wants drink-INF both > not: 'Ali wants to drink neither coffee nor tea' (51) ali h*m qawa h*mki c$ay ne waz*no b's$mo Ali all coffee all tea not wants drink-INF not want > both: 'Ali doesn't want to drink both coffee and tea' you can also get both > not want reading, with a big pause after qawa. (52) ali ya c$ai yaki qawa waz*no b's$mo Ali or tea or coffee wants drink-INF (53) ali ya c$ai waz*no b's$mo yaki qawa Ali or tea wants drink-INF or coffee (54) h*m ali h*mki m*h*m*d c$ay ne waz*ne b's$me all Ali all Mohammed tea not want-PL drink-INF.PL both > not: 'Both Ali and Mohammed don't want to drink tea' (55) ne ali neki m*h*m*d (ne) waz*ne (k*) c$ay b's$me neither Ali nor Mohammed (not) want-PL that tea drink-INF.PL (56) k'tabe m' *sto book-EZPOSS my exist-Masc 'I have a book' (57) q*l*ma m' *sta pen-EZ my exist-Fem 'I have a pen' (58) q*l*ma to *sta your 'You have a pen' (59) q*l*ma de *sta his 'He has a pen' (60) q*l*ma da* *sta her 'She has a pen' (61) q*l*ma ma *sta our 'We have a pen' (62) q*l*ma s$'ma *sta your-PL 'You (pl) have a pen' (63) q*l*ma dina *sta their 'They have a pen' (64) k'tabe h*seni *sto book-EZ Hasan-OBL exist-Masc 'Hasan has a book' (65) k'tabe to m' d* *sto book-EZ your me-OBL at exist-Masc 'I have your book' (66) k'tabe to m' d*ro book-EZ your me-OBL at.is-Masc 'I have your book' I've just written d*ro as one word, since it isn't yet clear whether the r is something specific to this postposition--looks like it might be. (67) q*l*ma to biy* pen-EZ your was-Fem 'You had a pen' (68) q*l*ma m' to d*ra pen-EZ my you-OBL at.is-Fem 'You have my pen' (69) k'tabe to bi book-EZ your was-Masc 'You had a book' (70) k'tabei s$'ma bi(:) books-EZ your-PL was-PL 'You-PL had books' Thought I heard the last vowel as long here, though I could be wrong. (71) k'tabei to *ste books-EZ your are-PL 'You have books' (72) kitabe to bi bi book-EZ your was was 'You had a book a long time ago' (73) dinia d* zaf m*seli *ste world in many problems exist-PL 'There are many problems in the world' (74) domani baxc$e ma d*re children yard-EZ our in.are 'The children are in our yard' (can be an answer to 'Where are the children?') (75) baxc$e ma d* domani *ste yard-EZ our in children exist-PL 'There are children in our yard' (76) j$o baxc$e d*ro Jo yard in.is-Masc 'Joey is in the yard' (77) *baxc$e ma d* j$o *sto yard-EZ our in Jo exist-Masc (sounds like "Joey is an animal") (78) baEe ma garden-EZ our 'our garden' (79) zaf piyay / issanyi ami parti* many men people came party 'Many men/people came to the party' (80) domane m' baxc$e d*re children-EZ my yard in.are-PL 'My children are in the yard' (81) domani baxc$e d* nyiye / c$ine children yard in aren't-PL don't-exist-PL (later investigations suggested that niye is just ne plus the copula e, while c$in- is the negative of *st-. So maybe the version with niye means something like '(the) children aren't in the yard', while the version with c$ine means 'there aren't children in the yard') (82) j$o baxc$e d* nyiyo Jo yard in not.is-Masc 'Joey isn't in the yard' (83) *j$o baxc$e d* c$ino Jo yard in doesn't.exist-Masc (sounds like Joey 'is an animal or a plant') (84) tDas* baxc$e d* nyiya bowl yard in not.is-Fem ('you can say (this)...') (85) tDas* baxc$e d* c$ina bowl yard in doesn't.exist-Fem ('...but this is more correct' (than (84))) (86) *baxc$e d* tDas* nyiya yard in bowl not.is-Fem (87) baxc$e d* tDas* c$ina yard in bowl doesn't.exist-Fem (88) kuliye q*l*ma masa s*ra e all pencils-Obl table on are-Pl 'All the pencils are on the table' ("You're not happy") (89) q*lemi kuli masa s*ra e pencils all table on are-Pl (90) masa s*ra q*lemi *ste table on pencils exist-Pl 'There are pencils on the table' (91) z$uAy* d* k'taba masa s*ra c$ine / niye one even books-Obl table on don't.exist-Pl not-are-Pl 'none of the books are on the table' (not > one, *one > not) (92) k'taba ra z$uAy* d* xo masa s*ra c$ino books-Obl from one even self's table on doesn't.exist-Masc 'none of the books are on the table' (93) k'taba ra z$u masa s*ra c$ino books-Obl from one table on doesn't.exist-Masc 'one of the books isn't on the table' (one > not) (94) *z k'tab masa s*ra waz*n I book table on want 'I want the book (to be) on the table' (95) k'tab Cy*r* masa s*ra bo book must table on be-Inf 'The book must be on the table' (96) Cy*r* k'tab masa s*ra bo must book table on be-Inf (97) *z k'tab masa s*ra ne waz*n I book table on not want 'I don't want the book (to be) on the table' (98) Cy*r* k'tab masa s*ra m* / ne bo must book table on Irr.Neg not be-Inf 'The book must not be on the table' The other place we've seen m*, I think, is as the negation that shows up in imperatives. (99) t' Cy*r* xo d* aw* b*re you must self on water carry-Inf 'You must take water with you' The word for 'water' has the usual velar constriction/fricativization around the w, which I won't try to transcribe here. (100) *z xo d* aw* b*na I self on water carry 'I will take water with me' (101) m' aw* berd* I-Obl water carried-Fem 'I brought water'