3.987 - Human Origins and Evolution Lecture 12: Stone Technology - Notes 1) Methods of fracturing and shaping of stone for artifact manufacture controlled shaping percussion abrading (grinding, polishing, drilling) pressure splitting pecking A) Percussion flaking Principle of conchoidal fracture Varieties of percussion flaking Direct percussion hard hammer free hand bipolar (uses hammerstone and anvil) anvil percussion (uses only anvil) controlled “fling” soft hammer Indirect percussion (“punch” technique or “blade” technique) involves use of a hammer and a punch B) Pressure flaking utilizes the principle of conchoidal fracture - but application of force is by direct sustained pressure, not high impact percussion, varieties include; normal pressure flaking by hand, use of a chest punch C) Pecking/Pounding D) Grinding/polishing/drilling/cutting 2) Materials suitable for flaking by conchoidal fracture Volcanic origin - (lavas) basalt phonolite welded tuffs rhyolite Chalcedony (crypto- or micro- crystalline silica) flint agate chert jasper Others opal silicified sandstone felsite crystal quartz slate ignimbrite obsidian silicified wood quartzite glass 3) Tool types characteristic of the Oldowan Industrial complex choppers subspheroids discoids unretouched flakes and fragments polyhedrons (manuports)

Lecture 12: Stone Technology - Notes

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