1 Growth Rates and Log Graphs Growth Rates and Log Graphs In order of fast growth as x gets large log x logarithmic x; x 2 ; x 3 polynomial 2x ; e x ; 10x exponential xŠ; x x factorial Choose x D 1000 D 103 so that log x D 3 OK to use xŠ � log 1000 D 3 103 ; 106 ; 109 Why is 10001000 D 103000 ? 10300 ; 10434 ; 101000 xx ex 102566 ; 103000 Logarithms are best for big numbers Logarithms are exponents! log 109 D 9 log log x is VERY slow Logarithms 2566; 3000 3; 6; 9 300; 434; 1000 Polynomial growth � Exponential growth � Factorial growth Decay to zero for NEGATIVE powers and exponents 1 1 D x �2 decays much more slowly than the exponential x D e �x x2 e Logarithmic scale shows x D 1; 10; 100 equally spaced. NO ZERO! �3 �2 �1 0 1 2 3 1=1000 1=100 1=10 1 � 10 100 1000 log 10 D 12 log x x Question If x D 1; 2; 4; 8 are plotted, what would you see ? Answer THEY ARE EQUALLY SPACED TOO! log-log graphs (log scale up and also across) If y D Ax n , how to see A and n on the graph ? Plot log y versus log x to get a straight line log y D log A C n log x Slope on a log-log graph is the exponent n log y D 1:5 log x y D x 1:5 log A D 0 �1 A D 1 n D 1:5 log x 1 slope n D 1:5 For y D Ab x use semilog (x versus log y is now a line) log y D log A C x log b 2 Growth Rates and Log Graphs New type of question How quickly does f df approach as x � 0 ? x dx f df � will be E � A.x/n What is n ? x dx f f .x C x/ � f .x/ Usual one-sided D only has n D 1 x x f .x C x/ � f .x � x/ Centered difference has n D 2 2x Centered is much better than one-sided E � .x/2 vs E � x IDEA FOR f .x/ D e x One-sided E vs centered E PROJECT at x D 0 Graph log E vs log x Should see slope 1 or 2 The error E D Practice Questions 1. Does x 100 grow faster or slower than e x as x gets large ? 2. Does 100 ln x grow faster or slower than x as x gets large ? 3. Put these in increasing order for large n: 1 ; n n log n; n1:1 ; 10n nŠ 4. Put these in increasing order for large x: 2�x ; e �x ; 1 ; x2 1 x 10 5. Describe the log-log graph of y D 10x 5 (graph log y vs log x) Why don’t we see y D 0 at x D 0 on this graph ? What is the slope of the straight line on the log-log graph ? The line crosses the vertical axis when x D and y D Then log x D 0 and log y D The line crosses the horizontal axis when x D Then log x D and y D 1 and log y D 0 6. Draw the semilog graph (a line) of y D 10 e x (graph log y versus x) 7. That line cross the x D 0 axis at which log y ? What is the slope ?

Growth Rates and Log Graphs

Related Documents

Recommended Documents

Description

Related Documents

Free up your schedule!

Take 5 seconds to unlock