Amplifiers 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Structural isomers have __________. a. the same molecular formula but different covalent arrangements of their carbon skeletons When a double bond joins two carbon atoms, __________ can form. a. cis-trans isomers Enantiomers are __________. a. mirror-image isomers of a molecule Pharmaceutical companies are selling close to $200 billion worth of single-enantiomer drugs. Why might it be important to use only one form of an enantiomer? a. One enantiomer may provide an effective treatment whereas the other may be ineffective or even toxic. The chemical group that helps stabilize protein structure is the __________. a. sulfhydryl group (-SH) The chemical group that is involved in regulating DNA is the __________. a. methyl group (-CH3) Molecules that contain only carbon and hydrogen are __________. a. called hydrocarbons Which element is always associated with organic chemistry? a. Carbon What are the six most important chemical elements of life? a. Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, phosphate, and sulfur 10. What is ATP's importance in the cell? a. ATP stores the potential to react with water, thereby removing a phosphate group and releasing energy for cellular processes. 11. Biologically important chemical groups include all of the following except __________. a. water (H2O) 12. Choose the pair of terms that completes this sentence about functional groups in organic chemistry: Carboxyl is to __________ as __________ is to base. a. acid; amino 13. Which of the following are properties of hydrocarbons? a. Hydrophobic, nonpolar, and a good source of stored energy 14. The carbon atom is tetravalent; this means that __________. 9. a carbon atom can complete its valence shell by forming four covalent bonds 15. Which functional group is not present in this molecule? a. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. a. Sulfhydryl Enantiomers are __________. a. mirror-image isomers of a molecule When three phosphate groups are covalently attached to adenosine, __________ is formed. a. ATP Carbon’s atomic number is 6. This means that it has __________ electrons. After completing the first energy level, carbon has __________ valence electrons and can form __________ bonds. a. 6; 4; 4 Inorganic carbon such as CO2 differs from organic carbon because __________. a. organic carbon always has a hydrogen atom covalently attached to it The chemical group that helps stabilize protein structure is the __________. a. sulfhydryl group (-SH) In the pharmaceutical industry, two enantiomers of a drug __________. a. may not be equally effective Although the structures of the functional groups that are most important to life vary, they share one thing in common: They __________. a. all help give each biological molecule its unique properties 23. Choose the term that correctly describes the relationship between these two sugar molecules 22. a. Structural isomers Which of the following is found in all amino acids? a. Both -COOH and -NH2 25. Chemical groups are significant because __________. a. they contribute to the molecular shape of a molecule and its unique properties 26. The chemical group that acts as an acid is the __________. a. carboxyl group (-COOH) 24.

Structural Isomers Have

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