Lesson 1: Learning History

Lesson 1 :Learning History  What is History?  Historian’s Duty: to draw insights from the ideas and realities that have shaped the lives of men and women and the society  History  Study of beliefs and desires, practices, and institutions of human beings  Active factor in the study of Philippine Society  WhyStudyHistory?  An examination of the past can tell us a great deal about how we came to be who we are  Enables us to analyze critically the present context of society and beings 1. To learn about the past 2. To understand the present 3. To appreciate your heritage 4. to broaden your perspective 5. To acquire background for critical thinking  The Meaning of “History” (According to Understanding History: A Primer of Historical Method byLouisGottschalk)  Derived from the Greek noun, “ istoi ” which means, “learning”  A systematic account of a set of natural phenomena, whether or not chronological factoring was a factor in the account - Aristotle  Equivalent Latin word is, “scientia”, in English, “science”  Used more regularly to designate non-chronological systematic accounts  History - was reserved usually for accounts of phenomena in chronological order  “past of mankind” Lesson 2: Understanding Sources  What are Sources? (According to Understanding History: A Primer of Historical Method byLouis Gottschalk)  Examples:  Books  Archeological, epigraphical, or numismatical materials (can found in large museums)  Official records (can be found in archives, courthouses, and government libraries)  Private papers (can be found in business houses, muniment rooms of ancient castles, prized possessions of autograph collectors and the records of the parish churches)  The more precise his delimitation of persons, area, time, and function, the more relevant his sources are most likely to be  It is from sources that our history is studied and written  PrimarySources  Materials produced by people or groups directly involved in the event or topic being studied  Ranges from eyewitness accounts, diaries, letters, legal documents, official documents and photographs  Examples:  Photographs - that may reflect socialconditions of historical realitiesandeveryday life  Old Sketches and Drawings - thatmayindicate the conditions of lifeof societiesin the past  Old Maps - that may reveal howspaceand geography wereusedtoemphasized trade routes, andstructuralbuildings  Cartoons for political expressionandpropaganda  Material Evidence like cavedrawings,old syllabaries, and ancient drawings Statistical tables, graphs andcharts Oral history or recordings  Published and unpublishedprimarydocuments, eyewitness accounts, andother written sources  SecondarySources  According to Gottschalk, “thetestimonyofanyone who is no an eyewitness -thatisofone who was not present at theeventofwhich he tells”  Examples:  Books  Articles  Scholarly journals Lesson 3: Magelan’s Voyage AroundtheWorld  Historical Context  Benefit of European to the Crusades: discovery of new products that are not available in their country  Includes: porcelain, silk, incense, herbs, perfumes, fabrics, carpets, spices and other oriental products  Spices  Most expensive and in-demand commodity among Europeans  Used for food preservation, flavor enchancement and in medicine  A very lucrative commodity  Trade Route: Silk Road and Arabian-Italian Route  Expensive  Disrupted by wars, natural calamities, and bandits  The land route was closed because of the Ottoman Empire of Constantinople (now: Turkey)  Prince Henry of Portugal  Put up a maritime school that trained sailors who would later discover an Eastern sea route going to the Spice Island (now: Moluccas Island) and Southeast Asia via Atlantic and Indian Ocean  These gave numerous benefits to Portugese and made others feel envious  Queen Isabella of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon  Gained victory in the Battle of Granada which resulted in the rise of Spain as a world power  Spain explore outside the Iberian Peninsula  Christopher Columbus - a Trans- Atlantic Voyage financed by the Portugese which resulted to the discovery of territories on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean  Ferdinand Magellan - supported by the Spanish monarch to go to the East by sailing westward, a proposal that Portugal refused to financed  Magellan – Elcano Expedition  August 20, 1519  Left the port of Sanlucar de Barrameda in Seville, with around 270 men  Main Objective: to search for a new maritime path to the Spice Island that would not violate Spain’s treaty with Portugal  3 out of 5 (Trinidad, San Antonio, Concepcion, Santiago and Victoria) ships reached Philippines  The first couple of weeks, they showed hospitality and cordial exchanges of goods  Some locals were converted to Christianity  Lapu-lapu - the chief man of Mactan, refused to trade with Magellan which waged war with him  Spaniards lost the battle and one of the casualties is Magellan itself  Ship Trinidad - captured by the Portuguese on journey back  Ship Victoria - Juan Sebastian Elcano & 17 survivors, arrived in Spain on September 7, 1922  Antonio Pigafetta - assistant of Magellanwhokept journal that became themainsourceofwhat we know about the first encounter oftheSpaniards and Filipinos  About the Author  Born around 1940 in Vencenza, venice, Italy. Parents: Giovanni PigafettaandAngelaZoga.  Studied astronomy, geographyandcartography  Worked in the ships ownedby theKnightsofRhodes  Joined the delegation of MonsignerFrancisco Chieregati when thelatter wasassigned as Papal NunciotoSpain Presented his credentials toMagellanandtothe casa de la contratacion  Was admitted as one of thesobresalientes(superbumeries) or men comingfromprominent families  Survived the challenges andcatastrophesthat the expedition encounteredalongtheway  Was among the 18 survivors whoreturnedtoSpain on September 6, 1522 Reported to his Majesty KingCarlosV Joined the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem Died sometime in 1534  About the Book  Pigafetta kept a detailedjournal of whathappened to them fromthetimetheyleftSeville in 1519 until they returnedtoSpainthree years after  He presented his draft to Pope Clement VII, Philippe de Villiers L’Isle-Adam and Louis Savoy hoping that they would help him finance its publication  Maximilianus Transylvanus and Peter Martyr - there accounts were already out regarding on Magellan’s expedition  Jacques Fabre - published a condensed version of the manuscript in Venice  The original journal of Pigafetta did not survive that time  Copies of Manuscripts:  Three copies are in French  Two copies are kept in Bibliotheue Nationale in Paris  Third copy was originally owned by Sir Thomas Phillips and later bought by Beinecke Rare Book which is now kept in Manuscript Library of Yale University in New Haven  Fourth copy is written in mixed Italian, Spanish and Venetician language  Could be found in Ambrosian Library in Milan  Carlo Amoretti - published an Italian version  James Alexander Robertson - made an English version  Pigafetta’s Account is the longest and most comprehensive  It narrated lucidly how they gallantly survived the unforeseen problems and challenges  Includes: maps, glossaries of the natives words and geographic information and descriptions about the flora and fauna of the places they visited  Provides us a glimpse of the political, economic, and social conditions of the island in the Visayan region during the 16 th century  Described vividly the physical appearance, social life, religious beliefs, and cultural practices of the people in Samar, Leyte and Cebu  Contains data about the economic activities of the local folks and the goods they offered for trade  Enrique De Malacca - Magellan’s Interpreter/ Slave  Pigafetta and Malacca are not natives, that’s why there we inaccuracies in the information about the spelling of the names of places they visited  Excerpt from Magellan’s Voyage Around the World  March 16, 1521 → Landing in Zamal (Samar)  March 17, 1521 → Settled in an inhabitated island near Zamal  March 18, 1521 → Nine men sails toward them  Benevolence of the Spaniards and Filipinos  Spaniards gave mirrors, combs, bells, ivory, and bocasine  Filipinos gave fishes, palm wine (uraca/arrack), long figs (bananas), cocoanuts (coconuts; fruit of the palm trees)  The many uses of palm or coconut tree  Liquor, ropes, powder, coconutmeat, oil, vinegar, milk  A ten-member familycansurviveon two palmtrees  Their (Filipinos) own islandwas calledZuluan They (Filipinos) saw different thedifferentmerchandise of the Spaniards: cloves, pepper,ginger, nutmeg, mace, andgold The place where we (Spaniards) wereiscalled Humunu (Homonhon)  We (Spaniards) found two springs thereof theclearest water called the "Acquadadalibuoni Segnialli"  The Watering-place of goodSigns First signs of gold  Great quantity of whitecoralsinthewaters and large trees withfruit  We (Spaniards) called the groupof islandsas"Islas de San Lazaro"  It was discovered on theSabbathdayofSt. Lazarus  March 22 to 28, 1521 →they(Filipinos)came two boats with coconuts, oranges, palmwine and a chicken  We (Spaniards) all purchasedit fromthem The Appearance of a Seignor (Filipino) Old man, who has tattooes  Two gold earrings in his ears  Many gold armlets in thearms  Kerchiefs on their heads  Our captain (Magellan) went ashoredailytovisit the sick and every morninggavecocoanut water from his own hands  The Appearance of a Caphri  People near the island who have big holes in the ears  Naked but with a cloth around the privies  Long black hair  Used coconut and beneseed oil for sun protection  Used daggers, knives, spears, javelin, shields as weapons  March 29, 1521 (Holy Friday)→ captain-general (Magellan) and six to seven other crew members came to meet the King Colambu of Butuan  The captain-general (Magellan) hugged the king  Colambu gave captain-general three jars of rice, two large dorade and wanted the captain-general to be his Casi-casi (brother)  The captain-general gave the king a garment of red and yellow cloth and a fine red cap  March 31, 1521  The captain-general (Magellan) sent the priest with some men to prepare for the mass; together with the interpreter to tell to the King that we (Spaniards) will not going to dine with him but to say mass  The king sent us two swine to kill  King Colambu of Butuan, and King Siaui of Calagan met the captain-general and 50 crew members for a mass on Easter Day.  The two kings worshiped and accepted the faith of the Spaniards that day.  There are many purposes of erecting a cross in that place.  The two kings and the captain-general climbed the highest point of the place to put the cross so that as they wake up every morning they will adore it  The captain-general asked them if they are Moros and about their beliefs, and they replied they worship no one but “Abba”  The captain-general asked the two kings of the most traded and food-rich islands around: Ceylon, Zubu (largest and most traded one), and Calaghann  After the erection of the cross, each of us repeated a Pater Noster and Ave Maria, adored the cross and the two kings did the same thing  The Appearance of the Heathens  People (Filipinos) who were assigned to harvest rice  Naked and painted  Wear a piece of cloth from a tree  Heavy drinkers  Their women are clad in tree cloth from their waist down and their hair is black that reaches the ground  Constantly chews food which they call ARECA; they cut the fruits into four parts amd wrap it in leaves  Everyone who lives in that part of the world use it  Lies in a latitudeof 92degreestoward the ArcticPoleandinalongitude of 162degreesfromthe line of the demarcation Is 25 leagues fromtheAcquadaand is calledMazaua(Limasawa)  April 3, 1521 →The Spaniards sailedforthe three islands but stayedinMazaua Route: Mazaua →Ceylon →Bohol →Baybai→ Gatighan  Together with the Kingof Mazaua, wetraveled to Polo, Ticobon, Pozon April 7, 1521  We (Spaniards), then arrivedtoCebu,the largest island of themall  We fired their artillery causingfear amongthe Filipinos  The firing was part of acustominterpreting peace andfriendship Cata raia chita says theslaveinterpreterto the King of Zubu  “Look well, sire. Thesemenarethesame who have conqueredtheIndiaMajor. If they are treatedwell, theywill give goodtreatmets, astheyhave done to Calicut andMalaca” April 9, 1521 →a bloodcompactbetween the King of Zubuandthecaptain-general (Magellan) commenced April 11, 1521 →as one of our mendiedduring the previous night, theinterpreterandI went to ask the king where wecouldburyhim and he replied “If I and my vassals all belong to your sovereign, how much more ought the lang”. The deceased was buried in the square with as much pomp as possible, in order to furnish a good example.  April 13, 1521 → we showed these people a shop full of our merchandise, at which they were very much surprised. For metals, irons and other large merchandise they gave us gold. For the other smaller articles they gave us rice, swine, goats and other foods. The captain general did not wish to take too much gold, for there would have been some sailors who would have given all that they owned for a small amount of gold and would have spoiled the trade forever.  April 14, 1521 → as the captain promised the king to become a christian on Sunday (April 15, 1521), a platform was built on the consecrated square. The captain general sent men to tell the king not to be afraid of the pieces that would be discharged morning, for it was a custom to discharged them at our greatest feast without loading with stones.  April 15, 1521  40 men went ashore, two were completely armed and preceded the royal banner.  The captain and the king embraced and told by captain that the banner was not taken except with fifty men armed as were those to and fifty musketeers ashore but so great that his love for him thus brought the banner.  The King - sat down in the chairs of red velvet  The Chiefs- sat down in cushion  The Others- sat down in mats  The captain told the king that he is going to Spagnia, and will return with so many forces that will make the king the greatest king of those regions.  Two men was taken by the captain for then to learn their language.  The captain said that if they wanted to be Christians, they must burn all their idols and set up a cross in their place.  Adore the cross daily with clasped hands, every morning. And ought to come hourly and adore it kneeling.  500 men were baptized before the mass  Magellan called them:  The King = Don Carlo  The Prince = Don Fernando  The King of Mezaua = Johanni  A Chief = Fernando  The Moro = Christoforo  After dinner, to baptize the queen, came with forty women. We conducted her to a platform and sit down in the cushion and other near her  I (Pigafetta) showed her an image of our Lady, a beautiful wooden child of Jesus and a cross.  Magellan called them:  The Queen = Johanna  The queen was youngandbeautiful andwas coveredwitha white andblack cloth. Hermouth and nails wereveryred.Has a large hat of palmleavesinher head. Likethepope, shenever goes any placewithoutthe hat  The Wife of the Prince=Catherina The Queen of Mezaua=Lisabeta The King (Raia Humabon) andtheCaptaincalled each other brothers  We (Spaniards) burned the hamlet becausethe neighboring island refuses toobeytheking or the captain.  One day the queen pomptohear amass Before the commencement, thecaptainsprayed her and someof womenwithmusk rosewater  The priest gave the queenachildJesus,telling her to keep it in theplaceinheridols, for it was a memory of thesonofGod  The captain-general askedthekingandother people why they didn’t burntheir idols They replied that they weredoingthisnotfor themselves, but for asick manwhohadnot spoken now for four days, sothattheidols might give him health.  The captain told them to burn their idolsandto believe in Christ, andthat if thesickmanwere baptized, he wouldquicklyrecover.  They baptized him and his two wives and x girls. Then the captain asked him how he felt. He spoke immediately and said that by the grave of our Lord he felt.  That was the most manifest miracles in our times.  The people said that if God would lend them life, they would burn all the idols they could find, even if they were in the King’s house.  Those idols are made of wood, and hollow, and lack the back parts. Their arms are open and their feet turned up under them with the legs open, they had a large face with four huge tusks like those of the wild boars.  They are many villages in that island.  Near the island of Zubu was an island called Matan (Mactan), it’s chief were Zula and Cilapulapu (Lapu-Lapu)  April 26, 1521 → Zula, chief of the island of Matan, sent one of his sons to present two goats top captain general  But that he had not been able to sent because of the other chief, Lapu-lapu, refused to obey the king of Spagnia  He requested the captain to send him only one boatload of men, so that they might help him and fight against the other chief.  They reached Mactan after 3 hours before dawn  The captain – general decided to thither with three boatloads.  They begged not to go , but he refused it.  The sixty men set out their armed with corselets and helmets, with the Christian king, the prince, some of the chief men, and twenty to thirty  He sent a message to the natives , that they don’t want to fight against to them.  Christian king = as their sovereign.  He want to pay our tribute, but they wished they should wait to see how our lances wounded.  They not to proceed to attack them until in the morning, so that they have more men.  When morning came, forty-nine are leaped into the water up and walked through water with more than two crossbow.  The captain said that formed into two divisions, to begin to fight.  The musketeers and the crossbowmen shot from a distance for an half hour, but some of their shot are only passed to the shields. When the muskets were discharge, the natives never stand but still the covering themselves with their shields.  The natives , seeing that twenty or thirty houses are burning and two of men also killed near the houses.  The captain shot on the right leg with a poisoned arrow.  An Indian hurled a bamboo spear into the face of the captain, but it immediately killed him with his lance. Then he trying to lay hand on sword he could draw the half of the sword because he has wound on his arm by a bamboo spear.  The Christian king have aided, but the captain charged before landed he did not leave his balanghai , but he want tostaytoseehowthey fought.  When the king saw the captainwas dead, hesaid among the other virtues whichhepossessed, he was more consistent thaneverin the greatest of adversity  April 27, 1521  The captain want to fight onSaturday,because it was a especial holytohim.  In that battle 8 of their menwerekilledand 4 Indians becomeChristiansandwho had come afterwardtoaidthem.Their enemy only 15 werekilledwhilemanyof us were wounded.  Relevance 1. Credit must be given toMagellan’sexpedition for proving that theEarthisnotflat but an oblate sphere 2. Magellan and his men completedthefirstcircumnavigation of the world3. They confirmed that the Portugueseroute, isnot the only way to the SpiceIsland. Theyproved the theory that onecangototheEast by sailing west 4. They brought attention to theattentionoftheEuropeans that on the other sideof theAmerican continent exist alargebodyofwater which they namedPacificOceanLesson 4: Customs of the Tagalogs Historical Context  The colonial government had a difficulty in running local politics because of the limited number of Spaniard who wanted to live outside Intramuros  The situation forced Spanish officials to allow FIlipinos to hold the position of gobernadorcillo  Friars  Supervised the election of the local executives, helped in the collection of taxes, were directly involved in educating the youth, and performed other civic duties  Assigned in mission territories were required periodically to inform their superiors of what was happening in their respective areas  Prepared reports on the number of natives, they converted, the people’s way of life, their socio-economic situation and problems they encountered  Relacion de las Costumbres de los Tagalogs (Customs of he Tagalogs, 1589)  Contains numerous information that historians could use in reconstructing the political and socio-cultural history of the Tagalog region  A primary source because the author personally witnessed the events and his accounts contained his observations  Miguel de Loarca  An encomendero of Panay wrote his Relacion de las Islas Filipinas (1582) and described the Filipinos’ way of life in the Western Visayas area  Lieutenant Governor Antonio De Morga  Wrote Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas which provides information about the state of the Philippines in the 16 th century  Fr. Pedro Chirino S.J.  Relacion de las Islas Filipinas, 1604  Fr. Juan Delgado S.J.  Historia General, 1751  Fr. Francisco Colin S.J.  Labor Evangelica, 1663  Fr. Francisco Ignacio Alcina S.J.  Historia natural del sitio, fertilidad y calidad de las ISlas e Indios de Bisayas, 1668  About the Author  Fray Juan De Plasencia  Member of the Franciscan order who came together with the first batch of missionaries to the Philippines in 1578  He and Fray Diego de Oropesa were assigned to do mission works for spreading about the Christianity in the Southern Tagalog area  Placenscia helped in the foundation and organiation of the numerous town in Quezon, Laguna, Rizal, and Bulacan  He wrote the Placencia’s Relacion de las Costumbres de los Tagalog or Customs of the Tagalog  He wrote the Doctrina Christian en Lengua Espanola y Tagala which later the first printed book in the Philippines in 1593  About the Text  The original document is currentlykeptinArchivo General de Indians in Seville, Spain The duplicate copy is kept intheArchivoFranciscano ibero- Oriental in Madrid, Spain They English translation appearedinVolumeVII of the Blair and Robertson’s - ThePhilippineIslands  Another English translation was publishedinthe Second series of the FilipinianaBookGuild Excerpts from Customs of theTagalogs Priests of the devil  Catolonan- a man or awoman Mangagauay - kill, or prolonglifethrough medicine  Manyisalat - enchant peopletodespisetheir partner.  Mancocolam- emit firefromhimselfatnight  Hocloban- can kill with araiseof ahand Silagan- if they sawpeopleclothedinwhite, they tear out liver andeat it.  Magtatangal - showhimself atnightwithout his head.  Osuang - equivalent toa"sorcerer"  Mangangayoma- madecharms for loversout of herbs, stones, andwoods.  Sonat- "preacher" helpsonedie.Pangatahojan- predict thefuture.  Bayoguin- "catquean"  Idols  Bathala- "all powerful", "maker of allthings"  Sun- "beauty is universal" "respected and honored by the heathens"  Dian Masalanta- patron of lovers and of generation.  Lacapati and Idianale- patrons of cultivated land and of husbandry.  Moon- great rejoicings, bidding it welcome when it comes.  Lic-ha - images with different shapes.  Social classes  Datu – chief or captain of wars  Maharlika – free born, do not pay taxes  Aliping namamahay- lives in their own houses and Lords of their property and gold.  Aliping sa Guigilir- serves their master in his house and can be sold.  Relevance  The Customs of the Tagalogs is a very popular primary source for it describe the way the life of the Filipinos before Spanish Colonizations  Filipinos were already civilized and maintained a lifestyle that was on a par with or even better than that of the people fro other countries in Southeat Asia Lesson 5: The Kartilya of a Katipunan  Historical Context  July 7, 1892 → Andres Bonifacio established the katipunan for the first move towards the independence.  Result of the failure of the Reform Movement in Spain  Filipinos attempted to demand reforms for the Philippines from the Spanish Government  Bonifacio saw the futility of the efforts of the Filipinos propagandist and organized an underground movement against Spain  KKK (KATAASTAASANG KAGALANG-GALANGANG KATIPUNAN ng mga Anak ng Bayan  A secret society organized by Andres Bonifacio  It is a revolutionary society that support the independence and freedom for the Philippines  Main objective: separation of the Philippines from Spain to gain citizenship of the Filipinos with their own country once independence was achieved.  About the Author  Emilio Jacinto  Born on December 15, 1875 in the district of Trozo in Tondo, Manila  Son of Mariano Jacinto, a bookkeeper, and Josefa Dizon  Lived in poverty but got good education  Educational Background:  Elementary: private school  High School: Colegio de San Juan de Letran  College: University of Sto Tomas (he took up law but was not able to finish come the Philippine revolution in 1896)  Joined the Katipunan at theageof 18in1894  Symbolic Name: Pingkian  A guiding light to the members of society Wrote Kartilya andtheOathof theKatipuneros  Edited the Katipunan newspaper knownas Kalayaan  Pen Name: Dimas Ilaw Positions in the Katipunan  Secretary  Fiscal  Editor  General (appointedby Bonifacioin1897)  Adviser to the Supremo In 1897, Bonifacio died but hestill continuedto fight against the Spaniards  Captured in Magdalena, Lagunawherehefought in a battle against Spaniardswherehe was wounded  Hide in manila after escapingfromthesoldiers Wrote a letter to ApolinarioMabini inMalolos,Bulacan  Wanted to continue his lawstudiesintheLiterary University of the Philippines asstatedin the letter he wrote to Mabini  Went to Laguna where he ledfellowpatriotsagainst the Americans, anewenemy, thatiswhy he was not able to continuetostudyinLUP  Established his headquarters inMajayjay Died on April 6, 1899 becauseof Malaria  About the Text  Kartilya  According to Jim Richardson,  Best known of all katipunan texts  The only document of any lengthset in print by the katipunan prior to August 1896 that is known to be still extant according to Jim Richardson  Was printed in small pamphlets distributed to the members of the Katipunan  From Spanish "cartilla", the primer used for gradeschools during the Spanish era  Served as the primary lessons for the members of the katipunan like "cartillas"  Presents the teachings of a neophyte (new) Katipunero and the guiding principles of the society that are expected from the katipuneros even after the freedom of the country from the colonizers  Ends with a document of affirmation by the member to the teachings of the society  Importance Today: taught morals and nationalistic principles of a nation that fought for independence  Excerpts from the Kartilya of the Katipunan  To those who wants to join the organization:  Should have a full understanding and knowledge of its guiding principles and main teachings  To unite the hearts and minds of the Tagalogs  True love of the nature land and genuine compassion for one another  Anyone who wants to join will be submitted to a searching investigation  If the applicant wishes to know the secret of the organization, he cannot proceed.  Only actions are demanded and esteemed  Duties to be performed by the members are exceeding hard  If applicant desires financial support, he had better not to proceed.  Teachings of the Katipunan of the Sons of the People  A life that is not dedicated to a great and sacred cause is like a tree without a shade or a poisonous weed  A good dead lacks virtue if it springs from a desire to do good  True charity resides in acts of compassion, in love for one’s fellow men and in making true reason the measure if every move deed and word  Be their skin dark or pale, all men are equal. One can be superiors to another in knowledge wealth and beauty… but in being  A person with a noble character values honor above self-interest, while a person with an ignoble character values self-interest above honor  A honorable man’s word in his bond  Don’t waste time; lost wealthmayberecovered, but time lost is lost forever Defend the oppressedandfighttheoppressor  An intelligent man is whotakescareofeverything he says andkeepquiet aboutwhat must be kept secret  Along the thorny path of life, themanleads the way and his wifeandchildrenfollow. If the leader goes thewayofperdition, then so do thosewhoareled Do not regard a womenasamereplaything, but as a helpmateadpartnerin the hardships of this existence. Havedue regard to her weaknessandremember the mother whobroughtyouinto this world and nurturedyouinyourown infancy  What you would want donetoyourwife,daughter and sister, donot dotothewife, daughter and sister of another A man’s worth does not comefromhimbeing a king or in the height of hisnoseand the whiteness of his faceor inhimbeing a priest, representativeof Godorin his exalted position on thefaceof thisEarth. Pure and truly nobleis who, thoughborn in the forest andabletospeakonlyhis own tongue, behaves decently, ittrueto his word, has dignity andhonor whoisnot an oppressor anddoes notabetoppressors, who knows howtocherishand look after the landof his birth  When these doctrines have spread and the brilliant sun of beloved liberty shines on these poor Islands, and sheds its sweet light upon a united race, a people in everlasting happiness, then the lives lost, the struggle and suffering will have been more than recompensed  Relevance  Kartilya are not only rules for the members but principles for the citizens of a nation  Kartilya (19 th century), simple creed for libing in the light of the many changes occurring in the present Lesson 6: The Act of the Proclamation of Independence of the Filipino People  Historical Context  Philippine Revolution ended in a stalemate between Spaniards and the Filipino Rebels  December 1897 → a truce led by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo resulted in him being exiled to Hongkong in exchange of paying the damages of the Spaniards which lasted for a few months time  1898 → Spanish-American War; colonized by the Americans  E. Spencer Pratt - talked with Aguinaldo before regarding a collaboration against Spaniards  George Dewey - led the attack on the Spanish fleet which was translated as the declaration of war of America  Rousenville Wildman - supposed to deliver 117,000 worth of ammunition but only delivered 50,000  May 19, 1898 → return of Aguinaldo in the Philippines on board the U.S. Cruiser McCulloch  Beginning the second phase of the revolution  By the end of May, Aguinaldo was in command of 12, 000 troops  May 28, 1898 → Filipino won their frist victory in Alapan, Imus  Teatro Caviteno in Cavite Nuevo - where the Filipino flag was unfurled  May 24, 1898 → Aguinaldo announced the creation of dictatorial government  He emphasized dictatorship was only temporary as a prelude to the establishment of a republican form of government  June 12, 1898 → declaration of Independence at Kawit, Cavite  Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista - read the declaration and was later signed by 177 people, including one American Officer  Philippine National Anthem = Marcha Nacional Filipina  Composed by Julian Felipe  Played by Banda de San Francisco de Malabon  About the Author  Emilio Aguinaldo  Born on March 22 1869in CaviteEl Viejo(now Kawit) Cavite province.  Second to the youngest of thechildrenofCarlos Aguinaldo andTrinidadFamy 1894 →became the capitanmunicipalof Kawit  March 14, 1896 →joinedkatipunanandchose the name "Magdalo"  1896 →the revolution against Spainbroke out  Pamahalaang Panghihimagsik (Election) President: Emililio Aguinaldo Vice President: MarianoTrias Captain-General: ArtemioRicarte Director of War: EmilianoRiegodeDios  Director of Interior: Andres Bonifacio Bonifacio’s educationallqualification was questioned He declaredthat theresultsarenull, void andhewalkedout He tried to put uphisowngovernment but was arrestedand tried for sedition March 10, 1897→foundguilty  Due to Bonifacio’s death, theSpaniardsregaied Cavite andAguinaldowasforced to retreat to Biak-na-Bato Spaniard realizedthat goingafterthe rebels to the hideout wasfutile Truce Prposal: in exchangefor indemnity,amnesty and colonial reform, Aguinaldo and other officers were exiled in Hongkong in December 1897  Spanish-American War (1898)  “Battle in Manila Bay”  American won over the Spaniards  Aguinaldo returned in the Philippines with the Americans help and announced the resumption of the revolution against Spain  June 12, 1898 → declaration of Independence  1899 → Aguinaldo convened a Congress in Malolos in which delegates wrote a constitution and established the Philippine Republic, Aguinaldo as the President in January 1899  Philippine-American War  Conflict between Americans and Filipinos erupted in February 1899  Ended in 1901 with the capture of Aguinaldo  He pledged allegiance to the US and returned to private life on his farm  He run for the presidency in PH but lost to Manuel L. Quezon  He was charged with collaboration by the American for helping Japanese in WW2  Freed in genral amnesty  As a private citizen, he devoted his time to the revolucionarios until his death at the age 94 on February 6, 1964  About the Text  June 10, 1896 → Aguinaldo issued a one-sentence decree appointing his Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista , as a special commissioner to write the Act of the Declaration of the Philippine Independence  The result was a 16 page document that consist: aspirations of freedom, sacrifices made and the declaration that was read in Kawit  The Act of the Proclamation of Independence of the Filipino People **refer to pages 79-84 of your textbooks  Relevance  The sole document that proves the value Filipinos place on their freedom  In 1898, the Filipinos fight for their freedom Lesson 7: Speech of President Corazon C. Aquino Before the Joint Session of the United Staes Congress. (September 18, 1986)  Historical Context  August 21, 1983 → the gradual downfall of the dictatorial regime of President Ferdinand E. Marcos began with the assassination of his political rival, former Senator Benigno “Ninoy” Aquino Jr., moments after thelatter returnedfrom exile in the United States.  The murder of Aquino triggeredprotestralliesthat call for Marcos to resign  The Philippine economy begantoweakenduring the accusations of corruptionbyMarcos and his cronies  The Philippine economy continuedthepoorperformance of 1982 andledtothegovernment's increaseddependenceonforeign financial institution.  Rumors continued to circulatethat Marcoswas sick. Marcos’ deterioratinghealthnecessitated clearer guidelinesfordetermining a successor.  Following the opinions of theU.S. Governmentthat he was losing the mandateof theFilipinopeople, Marcos announcedonAmericaandlocal television that he wouldholdasnappresidential election  Unity would be the way todefeat Marcosand therefore the oppositionchoseacommon candidate which is Ninoy’swidow,Corazon Aquino  There was rampant cheatingandviolenceduring the snap election that resultedtonumerous casualties  Marcos’ allies at the BatasangPambansadeclared him the winner of theelection(February 15, 1986)  This led to the opposition’s indignationrallyinLuneta where Cory Aquinospoketoaround two million people in Luneta, in what would be known as the Tagumpay ng Bayan rally.  At the event, Aquino called for massive civil disobedience and boycott of Marcos-crony owned companies and products. The Aquino-Laurel ticket also proclaimed victory.  On February 22, Marcos’ defense minister Juan Ponce Enrile and Armed Forces of the Philippines Vice-Chief of staff Gen, Fidel V. Ramos deserted from the Marcos government  A four-day People Power Revolution was ignited by the desertion where civilians faced tanks and soldiers to protect the soldiers and officers who defied Marcos Regime  Eventually, Marcos lived in exile in Hawaii and Aquino was declared as President of the Philippines  President Cory Aquino began to lead a country that had been badly damaged economically by the Marcos regime  In September 1986, she went on a state visit to the United States where she spoke before the U.S Congress to ask for financial aid to the Philippines and conferred with then President Ronald Reagan  She also convinced American businessmen to invest in the Philippines  The nine-day visit was deemed a success by Filipinos and American newsmen  About the Speaker  Maria Corazon ‘’Cory’’ Cojuangco Aquino  Was born on January 25, 1933 in Tarlac.  Has a wealthy and politically prominent family.  Graduated from Mount St. Vincent College in New York City in 1954.  Married a popular young politician, Benigno ‘’Ninoy’’ Aquino, Jr.  Lived the life of a politician’s wife.  Stood by her husband when he was arrested and imprisoned for 8 years (1972-1980) by President Marcos after martial law was in declared in 1972.  Accompanied Ninoy to the states where he lived in exile for 3 years.  Corazon Aquino was thrust into limelight when Ninoy was assassinated (1983)  Became part of the growing opposition to the Marcos dictatorship which culminated in her presidential candidacy (1986)  Cory challenge the results of the election because of massive cheating called for a boycott of all industries of Marcos cronies.  Military officials publicly renounced Marcos and supported Cory  Four-day People Power Revolution in February 1986 ended the Marcos dictatorship and propelled Cory as the first Filipino woman president.  Cory Administration  Known for its restoration of Philippine democracy.  New constitution was written. (1987Constitution of the Philippines) Congress was soon elected.  But the euphoriaof thenewlyrestored freedomdidnot last astheAquino administrationfailedtoenforce social andeconomicreforms. January 1987 →she was namedtheTIMEMagazine’s 1986 Person of theYear.  Cory returned to limelight in2001 Supported the impeachmentofPresident Joseph Estrada(EDSA2) 2006 →she was listedintheTIMEMagazine’s issue called‘’60YEARSOFHEROES’’  August 1, 2009 →CorazonAquinodied. About the Speech  Corazon C. Aquino deliveringher speechbefore the U.S Congress  Teodoro “Teddy Boy” Locsin, Jr.  The Executive secretary of PresidentCoryAquino  Have the task to writingthespeechofthe president for the joint sessionof theU.S. Congress  He admitted that he was not abletofinishthe speech in time.  President Corazon Aquino She was invited to speak beforethejointsession of the U.S. Congress  She was the one whofinishthespeechbecause her executive secretarydidnotfinish it in the time of theoccasion  Her speech lasted for half an hour and was interrupted by several applauses and ended with a standing ovation by the both senators and congressmen  Speech of President Corazon C. Aquino Before the Joint Session of the United States Congress.  Honorable Death of Benigno Aquino Jr.  “In burying Ninoy, a whole nation honored him. By that brave and selfless act of giving honor, a nation in shame recovered its own. A country that had lost faith in its future found it in a faithless and brazen act of murder.”  The Dictator President Ferdinand Marcos  “A president-turned-dictator, and traitor to his oath suspended the Constitution and shut down the Congress that was much like this one before which I am honored to speak.”  The great responsibility lies on Cory’s shoulder  “The task had fallen on my shoulder to continue offering the democratic alternative to our people”  “Archibald Macleish had said that democracy must be defended by arms when it is attacked by arms and by truth when it is attack by lies. He failed to say how it shall be won”  EDSA People Power  “You saw a nation, armed in courage and integrity, stand fast by democracy against threats and corruption”  “You saw people so committed to the ways of democracy that they were prepared to give their lives for its pale imitation”  Restoration of the full Constitutional government  “Now we are restoring full constitutional government. Again, as we restored democracy by the ways of democracy, so are we completing the constitutional structures of our new democracy under a constitution that aleady gives full respect to the Bill of Rights.”  Philippines $26 billion foreign debts  “Finally, may I turn to that other slavery: our $26 billion foreign debt.”  “Many conditions imposed on the previous government that stole this debt continue to be imposed on us who never benefited from it.”  Friendship between Philippines and America  “When I met with President Reagan yesterday, we began an important dialogue about cooperation and strengthening of the friendship between two countries.”  “In giving, we receive, in losing we find, and out of defeat, we snatched our victory”  Relevance  It was this speech that gave credence to the people power revolution not only to the American but to the World  The house of representatives, 5 hours later, voted 203 to 197 in favor of the ＄200M as emergency aid for the Philippines Lesson 8: Artwork Artwork  Illustrations, drawings andphotographs Large part in the study of history Have stories to tell andgaveinsightsbeyond the text  Reflection of historical realitiesandeveryday life and the situationof thepast societies  Editorial Cartoons  Sources of political expressionorpropaganda in the historical erainwhichthey come out  Example of Editorial Cartoons1. El Candidato Longino  Satirical cartoon fromtheJuly27, 1907issue of the Lipang-Kalabaw.  Philippine Assembly candidateDominador Gomez as theRomancenturion Longinus deliveringthefinalspear blow to the crucifiedfreedomfighters  Gomez was the instrument inthesurrenderof Sakay and his men but later weresubsequently arrestedinspiteofassurance of safe  Gomez was later blamedfor thedeathofSakay 2. Popular Manifestation in Honor of theTriumphant Candidate of theSouthernDistrict of Manila, Fernando Ma. Guerrero, 11th of August, 1907  Cartoon from Lipang-Kalabaw  Depicts the parade of Filipinos celebrating the election of their popular candidate, Fernando Ma. Guerrero, who ran for the Philippine Asembly  Americans were bothered due to the massive show of support by Filipino  Flag Law  Other Illustrations 1. Watch for the Saboteurs sponsored by the League of Women Voters of the Philippines published in 1951 2. President Elpidio Quirino wrote a letter to the League saying that the booklet graphically shows the defects of both individual and the society Lesson 9: The First Cry of the Revolution (August 1896)  Historical Context  Philippine Revolution of 1896  “First Cry”  Initial move of the Filipinos to begin the revolution for independence  What they did? Tear their cedulas and proclaim the start of the fight for independence  Katipunan was exposed on August 19, 1896  Spaniards began to cracked down suspected rebels  Original Plan: to start the revolution at the end of August but Bonifacio found out it is wise to begin it at the end of the month  1911 → monument to the heroes of 1896 was erected in Balintawak  First Cry happened on August 23, 1896 at Pugad Lawin (Balintawak), according to the National Historical Commission  Historians and other personalities claim that the official date and place are wrong.  Dr. Pio Valenzuela’s Account  Dr. Pio Valenzuela  Pio Valenzuela y Alejandro (23 years old)  An official of the Katipunan and Andres Bonifacio’s friend  His account was published as Memoirs of the K.K.K. and the Philippine Revolution  Official date and place were based on his account  His Account  Balintawak – 1st place of refuge of the katipunan.  First Five Members (August 19, 1896): Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Procopio Bonifacio, Aguedo del Rosario and Teodoro Plata  Followed by Dr. Pio (August 20, 1896)  House and Yard of Apolonio Samson at Kangkong – 1st place where some 500 members of katipunan met.  Briccio Pantas, AlejandroSantiago,Ramon Bernardo, andApolonioSamsonwere also there.  No resolution was debatedor adoptedonly views were exchanged.  Pugad Lawin – store-house&yardofJuan Ramos (son of MelchoraAquino) Where1,000 members of Katipunan(August 23, 1896) debated&discussed whether if not revolutionagainst Spanish gov’t shouldbestarted on August 291896.  Teodoro Plata - fought for againstwarand protested  Enrique Cipriano, AlfonsoPacheco,Tomas Remigio and, SintorosoSanPedrowere also present  After the meeting they, tear their cedulacertificates and shouted“LOVELIVETHEPHILIPPINES”  Santiago Alvarez’s Account Santiago Alvarez  Gen. Santiago VirataAlvarez He published Sampaguita A Pre-World war II Tagalogweeklymagazine  Consist of 36 parts  Story of Philippine Revolution Published as a book entitled, “TheKatipunan and TheRevolution” withan English translationbyPaulaCarolina Malay  One of the leaders of the Cavite Revolution  The account can be found in Chapter 6 of the memoirs  It is merely narration of the events that happeed in Bahay Toro on August 24, 1896  His Account  August 21, 1896 at 11PM → treck to Kangkong (raining and dark)  August 22, 1896 at 2AM → we reach the house of Apolonio Samson’s in kangkong  August 22, 1896 at Sam → the supremo began to assign guards  He placed detachment at the Balintawak boundary and at the backyard to the north of the house  No less than 300 men assembled at the Supremo Bonifacio’s bidding.  They are briging assorted weapons, bolos, daggers, a dozen revolver, & a rifle (Lieutenant Manuel for hunting birds)  Supremo Bonifacio was restless and worried – Emilio Jacinto’s old letter have been interpreted  August 23, 1896 (Saturday) → Bahay Toro at Loam; more than 500 members of Katipunan  August 24, 1896 (Monday) - more than 1,000 Katipuneros  Supremo called a meeting at 10 am at Melchora’s barn  Flanking him on both sides, Dr. Pio Valenzuela, Emilio Jacinto, Briccio Pantas, Enrique Pacheco, Ramon Bernardo, Pontaleon Torres, Francisco Carreon, Vicente Fernandez, Teodoro Plata & others  The following matters were approved:  An uprising to defend the people’s freedom  To be on state of alert  The immediate objective which is capturing Manila  They shouted, “LONG LIVE THE SONS OF PHILIPPINES!”  Guillermo Magsakay’s Account  Guillermo Magsaysay  A friend, and fellow Katpunero of Andres Bonifacio  In an interview with Sunday Tribune magazine, he said that,  First Cry happened in Balintawak on August 26, 1896  At first, his account was used by the government and civic officials  He changed his narrative in a newspaper named, Bagong Buhay on August 26, 1957  The revolution began on August 23, 1896  Soledad Buehler-Borromeo (granddaughter of Magsangkay) cited sources that the original date was August 26  His Account  August 26, 1896 → a big meeting at Apolonio Samson’s house in Balintawak