PRE-CALCULUS GRADE 12 FORMULA PAGE
The following information may be useful when writing this examination.
csc θ =
Trigonometry
Algebra
a = rθ
−b ± b2 − 4ac
For ax 2 + bx + c = 0 , x =
2a
1
sin θ
sec θ =
1
cos θ
sin θ
tan θ =
cos θ
1
cot θ =
tanθ
cot θ =
sin 2 θ + cos2 θ = 1
tan 2 θ + 1 = sec2 θ
1 + cot 2 θ = csc2 θ
cosθ
sin θ
Logarithms
In chemistry, the pH scale measures
the acidity (0–7) or alkalinity (7–14)
of a solution. It is a logarithmic scale
in base 10. Thus, a pH of 9 is 10 times
more alkaline than a pH of 8.
pH Scale
increasing
acidity
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
sin ( α + β ) = sinα cos β + cos α sin β
sin ( α − β ) = sinα cos β − cos α sin β
neutral water
Permutations and Combinations
cos (α + β ) = cos α cos β − sinα sin β
n Pr
cos (α − β ) = cos α cos β + sinα sin β
tanα + tan β
tan (α + β ) =
1 − tan α + tan β
tan (α − β ) =
tan α − tan β
1 + tan α tan β
increasing
alkalinity
n Cr
=
=
n!
( n − r )!
(rn) = r !(nn!− r )!
n
In the expansion of ( a + b) ,
the general term is
t k +1 = nC k a n − k b k
sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ
cos 2θ = cos2 θ − sin2 θ
= 2 cos2 θ − 1
= 1 − 2 sin2 θ
θ
tan 2θ = 2 tan 2
1 − tan θ
Pre-Caculus 12 – Formula Page
Page 1