University:
Missouri State University
Course:
PHI 310 | History of Western Philosophy: Modern
Academic year:

2022
Views:

453

Pages:

2
Author:

tubofib

Unit 1—Chapter 6, Section 2 Thinker Idea The Enlightenment in Europe Philosophy John Locke (England) Natural rights (life, liberty, property) Human nature is evil and requires order; people enter into social contract with strong ruler to gain safety/security People’s natural rights need to be protected by government Voltaire (France) Freedom of thought, religion, and expression Intolerance should be combated at all costs Thomas Hobbes (England) Baron de Montesquieu (France) Jean Jacques Rousseau (France) Cesare Beccaria (Italy) Mary Wollstonecraft (England) Social contract Separation of powers Individual freedom Criminal justice, abolishment of torture Women’s equality Political liberty is maintained when government power is balanced/separated Civilization corrupted people’s natural goodness by imposing unjust laws; social contract among free individuals for the common good of all Laws existed to preserve social order, not avenge crimes; opposed torture, cruel/unusual punishment, unfair trial proceedings Women should have same access to education and right to participate in politics as men Views of Government Impact Absolute monarchy needed to keep order Many empires and countries were ruled by way of monarchy Critical of absolute monarchy, favored idea of self-government; feels government is obligated to protect the natural rights of the people or be overthrown Opposed absolute power A government is best structured when its power is divided Viewed direct democracy as the best form of government, whereby a social contract among free individuals made society orderly and functional Fundamental to U.S. DOI; foundation for modern democracy Guaranteed in U.S. BOR and French Declaration of the Rights of Man France, United States, Latin American nations use SOP in new constitutions Public election of president and Congress in United States A government should promote and uphold rights of the accused Guaranteed in U.S. BOR; torture outlawed or reduced in nations of Europe and the Americas N/A Women’s rights groups form in Europe and North America Unit 1—Chapter 6, Section 2 The Enlightenment in Europe 1) What was the Enlightenment? A cultural and philosophical movement that grew out of new methods of inquiry developed during the era of the Scientific Revolution; the basic premise of the Enlightenment was the superiority of reason to explain and reform society. 2) Who were the philosophes? Thinkers who use logic and reason to investigate the nature of the universe, human society, and morality. 3) In the table below, explain the core of the philosophe philosophy. Concept Explanation Reason Truth could be discovered through rational thought and use of logic Nature What was natural was also good and reasonable; much like the physical world, the laws of economics and politics were natural as well Happiness A person who lived by the laws of nature would find happiness and avoid misery Progress Through use of reason and the scientific method society could be perfected Liberty Society could be set free through the use of reason

Unit 1 Chapter 6, Section 2 Thinker

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