Hormones - Study Materials

Introduction & hermene is defined as a chemical compound produced in certain speciationd cells, csually a dictte gland, called ender me gland, which is delivered directly to the bleed Stream in minute arounts and clich events a Nysiological effect at a site of arten remote from its origin Mechanism of Action of Hormones - The hormones conculate in the blead thoughout the twhele body yet they act only on certain specifra organs or tissues twhich ane termed as target organs or target thu The cells in target tissures have a receptor protein which undergoes hinding with the hormones. Hoxmenes may give rise to desired unde physiological effects either in His form or aften being transported to site of action inside the cell with the receptor britin. Tove types of reactions have been initiated by the Hormones 110 Synthesis of a new boten. (2) Activation of enzyme and involvement of Amp. • The mest meceut and mest convincing is that hormones loork at the gene level. Differences between Hormones and Vitamins Section-TV in Hormones are produced in the animal body while vitamins are syntheared is the plant budy. (Fes Homents animals are independent in troducing in the fer vilawins, the animals depend upon the plants. body whe Properties of Hormones its they have bus mulecular weights. Die to this, they bass eat through the copilaries th they are fonduced in very low concentration they are antigenie is lehenever listen & ever, king got madily destinyes ov inctivated er secoded to they are probably big as signe Hormones Secreting Glands (Cranial endocrine glands: The se Examples are pineal and pituitary. lying in the head. - Pharyngeal endocrine glands: These are lying in the neighbourhood of the pharynx. Example thyroid and para-thyroid glands. Abdominal glands: There are in the abdomen. ying in Example pancreas, adrenals. FOR Chemical Nature of Hormones It is possible to classify hormones in accordance to their chemical structure or mode of action into the following types: @steroid Hormones. The sex hormones and the hormones of adrenal cortex are steroids. They are Fat Soluble compounds. eg aldosterone, cortisone Glycoprotein hormones These include thyrotropin, Follicular stimulating hormone and lutenizing hormones secreted in the adrens- hypophysis eter of the pituitary. ② Amino Acid derived Hormones They include hormones such as thyroxine, epinephrine etc. Thyroxine is a thyroid hormone which is simply an amino acid. Peptide and Protein hormones These hormones are water soluble. eg:- oxytocin, insulin, secretin. →Fatty Acid derivatives These include prostaglandins. Testosterone erone/ There are at least 5 steroidal hormones which exhibit a typical androgenic activity. All are derivatives of ondrostone. However, the most potent so far is • testosterone. From 100 kg of testés they obtained lomy of testosterone. DH Functions:- In This stimulates the development en of the secondary male sex charaterstics Testosterone i) Occasionally, testesterone may produce jaundice. ( (m) this inhibits the secretion of the anterior pituitary gonadotropins. Come for won mated funkel (i) Testosterone and its derivatives have been found useful in the treatment of advanced metastatic carcinoma of the breast. Semeliy or may Coon) Estoyens estrogens can be isulated from twine, placentas and reproductive tregons of mammals, for example, in an exiginal extraction, about 70 cmits of activity, were obtained from 1 litre of onthe received froin prepnant woman @estione Ji is a stable white substance existing in three crystal forms: Rhombic metastable, Monoclinic metastable and shambic stable. (2) estuone estroil It was isulated from human pregnancy brine by Marsian (1950). It is useful In some cases of oestrogen deficiency. DH estrial estradiol There are twe stekeisi Destradiols, a-and f. B-isomen is much more active than estrone when isomer less artive. estradiol-11 Structure estradid-179 estrogens Most of the effects of ovanietomy and specially stimulate the secondary sex characters, such as the vagina, uterus, mormmary glands, and Fallopian tubes. Other biological activities of estrogens include inhibitory effects on the synthesis and release of gonadatropic ropic hom the anterior pituitary by tway of the hypothalamic area of the brain. hormones Progesterone In 1932, a crude crystalline material that of had physiologi activity was isolated. In 1934, the isolation of the pure progesta hormone, progesterone, was announced independently by four laboratories. CHS bagesterone Compon yland - Pancreas #Insulin Insulin is a peptide hormone produced by B-cele the pancreatic, islets and by the Brockmanns In some teleost fish. After you eat food and your blood sugar level quiser, cell in your bancreas (known as B-Cell) Dure singnated to release in into your bloon stream Insulin then attaches to dand signals ce absorb sugar from the boad stream. Insalin key which unlocks the cell- used for is often described as I to allow sugar to buten the cell and energy, Insulin helps store the sugen in in your live Tind release it when your blood sugar level is low. As blood levels rise, the pancreas servetes more in sulin. Augas kabinreatments: Diabetes type A and B Nee Steroid Hormones Adrenaline the adrenal medulla secrtes tre hormones, adrenaline and nor-adrenaline The twe are secreted in the one the of b. Adrenaline also found in foisonous ser fans of Some feads. oit Adrenaline It raises the blood pressure and used coilg Howeven, it is of fire ovky to stop haemorrhage. However, i when it is given by injection. It increases blood pressure by releasing glucose from the stores of glysage... of liver.. In glycogen breakdown Thyroxine It is a hormone which is secreted by thyroid gland in the form of Protem called thyroglobulin. The letter Combound when hydrolysed yields mainly thyroxine, common amino acids and various baimated derivatives. Ho I I CHICHCOOH NH (1) Thyroxine the deficiency of thyroxine may cause disturbances in metabolism of carbohydrates, kpids, proteins, electrolytes, etc. The deficiency of this causes juvenile myxedemo in childhood. The overproduction of thyroxine causes the rapid heart beating and nervous irritability. In Increase basal metabolic rate, development. Cortisone - It is steroid hormone & fat soluble Prosent in adrenal gland in adrenal cortex helbin metabolism of fat, Carboskydrates