Notes for Vitamins

0C(0) sectionD Vitexting 0 Hory of Discovery i In History 1912, Funk reported for the first time the certain compounds we present in the food which prevent herüberi, these compounds curry, pellagra: Scurvy. have ickets, etc. nitrogen and hence due According to him, all to their vital function and basic in nature he proposed the name 'vitamine" (L. vita, life somir At a laten stage it was found that all such compounds are not having nitrogen and Vi V therefore the final modified to vitamin. 'e' was tropped, ine, the vitamine Definition of Vitamins! The term "vitamin" refers to an accessory indispensable food Factor, organic in natwie (organic acid, esters, amino acid, alcohols, it eroids), required by an organism in small amouretas to maintain normal growth and regulation o metabolism. & to crevent from dixeres Classification of Vitamins: There are about twenty-five vitamins two types:- "which have been arbitrarily classified into (a) Fat-soluble group: This type includes vitamin A.D. E and K. (h) Water-soluble group: This types includes rest of the vitamins like vitamins of 8 group, vitamin c, etc. Vitamin H (Biotin) is an exception as it is in soluble both in fat and bro-vitamins or Precursors There are some biological inactive Combounds which are quite similar to vitamins and are converited easily into vitamins in vivo. Such compounds are known as provitamins or precisore... for Example- (i) B-Carotene is the provitamin for Vitamin A and (ii) Ergosterol is the provitamin for vitamin D.. Vitamin A or Vitamin A, or Retinol or Axerophthol The IUPAC name of vitamin A or A, is retinol; that of the correspondi. aldehyde is retional and of the corresponding acid is retinoic acid." Structure. CH₃ CH₃ CH=CH-C=CH-CH=CH-C=CH-CH₂OH Vitamin A, was recongnised as early as 1913 by McCollum and Davis. Occurrence: Esters in facts, in fish livers and in blood. The other carrots, green vegetables, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, Source are corro, apricot, salad, cabbage in which are converted into vitamins A, in the intestinal tract of Amimals. Deficiency diseases ( Xerophthalamia - Its deficiency in animals may cause night blindness. () Dermatase - The skin becomes day, resulting scaliness condition and looks like toad skin. The hair also become dry. () Skeleton - Its deficiency carries the normal grwioth of the bones such as skull, vertebral column. (iv) Salivary and misceus glands The obility of salivary glands to secrate saliva is lost. the guts are filled with bacteria. Similarly.. my cous gland cells of Vitamin Az (3,4-Dehydroretinol) This vitamin is similar to vitamin = structure than that of double bond in its vitamin A A, but bossesses one more conjugal -CH=CH. C=CH-CH=CH.C=CH-CH2OH CH3 CH3 Decurrence Vitamin Az is also known as retinola. It is found in certain Fish oils, especially fresh water fish. • Vitamin As, m.p. 63-65°C, is the all- trans isomer. Ita importance in in the animals is not known. Structure Vitamin B3 or l'antothenic Acid Structure Весна С(CH₃)₂ CHOHCONHCH₂CH₂COOH Pantothenic and Occurrence It occurs in all types of animal firsues as a compones of coenzyme A and of acyl carrien protein (ACP). The riches source of vitamin B3 are liver, kidney, heart, spleen, brain, pancreas, tongue and spleen. Deficiency Disease Its deficiency in man may cause burning sensation, muscle weakness, abdominal disorder and general depressi Itas deficiency in chicks causes dermatitis, retardation and toughness os Feather. Its deficiency in rats causes retardation of growth. Folic Acid or Vitamin B X- (vegetable er forinte or Structure folic acid and its derivatives which are chiefly the toi and hepta giatamyl peptides, are widespread in nature. Occurrence The Vitamin occions in green leafy vegetable and fruits and hence its names (Latin-Folium = Leaf), In animals, it is present in liver and kidney. It also occurs in lemons, bananas, spinach, asparagus and straw-berries. Deficiency Disease Folic acid is essential for a growth of a number I certain is of microorganisms and is effective in + -0 types of cmaemia in which the (size langer than the normal one) It may gastrointestinal disorder and glossitis. in the freatment of red blood corpuscles be accompanied by diarrhoea,