Understanding Crime Definition, Origin, and Social Impact

_______ has been and will continue to be a crucial issue in the affairs of Homo sapiens. Crime Crime has been and will continue to be a crucial issue in the affairs of_______. Homo sapiens In______, crime has existed since the days of yore to plague human beings in form of threatening their lives and their properties. Human society In human society, ______has existed since the days of yore to plague human beings in form of threatening their lives and their properties. Crime The constantly touted phraseology “threat to lives and property” is a pointer to the fact that _____ is a dangerous phenomenon which should be properly studied to understand what crime is and its place in human society. crime ______ is the breach of a rule or law for which a punishment may ultimately be prescribed by some governing authority or force. Crime Crime is the breach of a _____for which a punishment may ultimately be prescribed by some governing authority or force. Rule or law The word crime originates from the Latin word, crimen (genitive criminis), from the Latin root, cernō and Greek κρινω = "I judge". Originally it meant "charge (in law), guilt, accusation." The word crime originates from the Latin word_____ Crimen The term _____ technically refer to the use of criminal law to regulate minor infractions, such as traffic violations. Crime The term crime can also technically refer to the use of _____to regulate minor infractions, such as traffic violations. Criminal law For _______to occur there must be an external consequence or harm. Crime For crime to occur there must be an ___________or harm. External consequence For crime to occur there must be an external consequence or___________. Harm If someone punches another individual without reasonable legal cause it is considered___________. Physical harm If a person threatens to beat up or kill another person whether or not the threat is carried out it is called___________. Verbal harm Legality has ___________ aspects. Two Actus Reus is a ___________word Latin ___________ refers to criminal action or inaction that causes harm. Actus Reus ____________ is the physical element of the guilty act and it requires proof. Actus reus ___________ is a Latin word that refers to a criminal intent or a guilty state of mind. Mens rea The mental aspect of a crime is ____________ Mens rea The following factors would negate criminal responsibility • Duress • Under-age • Insanity • Self-Defence • Entrapment • Necessity The age at which a person is considered legally responsible for his or her actions varies by____________. Jurisdiction ___________ is the third legal defence or legal excuse from criminal responsibility. Insanity Insanity is a legal term not a medical one. True ____________ simply means mental or psychological impairment or retardation. Insanity _____________ is a situation where people are relieved of criminal responsibility. Self-defence _____________ is a situation where people are generally considered either not responsible or less responsible for their crimes if they were trapped or induced into committing them, by a law enforcement officer or by someone acting as an agent of law enforcement. Entrapment The final legal defence or legal excuse from criminal responsibility is ____________. Necessity A _____________ can be used when a crime has been committed to prevent a greater or more serious crime. Necessity defence ____________ is a process where the criminal act must lead directly to harm without a long delay. Causation _____________ is a causal relationship between the legally forbidden harm and the actus reus. Causation The purpose of the requirement of causation is____________ To prevent people from facing the threat of criminal charges for the rest of their lives For any act to be considered crime there must be ___________ between actus reus and mens rea. Concurrence For any act to be considered crime there must be concurrence between __________and___________. actus reus and mens rea For any behaviour to be considered a crime there must be a statutory provision for a punishment or at least the threat of____________. Punishment The threat of punishment and actual punishment is usually directed at crime and illegal acts and not innocent behaviour. True A _____ definition views crime as deviant behavior that violates prevailing norms, specifically, cultural standards prescribing how humans ought to behave. normative Laws that define crimes which violate social norms are set by __________ Legislatures Laws that define crimes which violate social normsare called ____________. mala prohibita In ___________ view, crime is defined as behavior that violates the criminal code. Legalistic The ___________approach in criminology believes in the same principles of criminal law (culpability or criminal intent, mala in se versus mala prohibita, and responsibility or justifications and excuses). Legalistic In ___________ view, popularised by a 1938 book written by Thorstein Sellin crime is just one form of conduct norm violations. Conduct norms In ___________ view, crime includes untimely death, illness or disease, deprivation of food, shelter, clothing, medical care, racism, sexism, and tobacco Conduct norms ____________ view is most closely associated with the arguments made by Herman and Julia Schwendinger Human rights violation The view that crime is deviance or norm-violating behavior is associated most with____________. Sociological criminology _____________ occurs whenever there is stigmatisation, isolation, rejection, segregation, punishment, treatment, or rehabilitation. Deviance ______________ can be coercive (forceful), normative (attitudinal), or an exchange solution (sets of rewards and incentives). Social control ____________ is in the eye of the beholder. Deviance The term ____________refers to the process whereby criminal law is selectively applied to certain behaviors and many criminalisation specialists adhere to a deviance and social control viewpoint, asking the question if criminalisation is a neutral process or if it serves the interests of the powerful. Criminalisation _____________ is an ubiquitous phenomenon that occurs everywhere and at the same time. Crime The first known written codes were produced by the ____________ Sumerians _____________ is criminalised and treated as offences against society which justifies punishment by the government. Antisocial behaviour Antisocial behaviour is criminalised and treated as offences against society which justifies _____________ by the government. Punishment Antisocial behaviour is criminalised and treated as offences against society which justifies punishment by the_____________. Government A series of reasons exist for the prevalence of crime in the society: • • • • • • • • • • Poverty criminal tendencies of some individuals. Public normlessness/environmental instability Poor administration of justice Religious sentiment and faith Greed Weak law enforcement agencies Weak laws Poor socialization Mental instability Ignorance of the law