Altered Elimination Study Guide

ALTERED ELIMINATION STUDY GUIDE (Simplified) URINARY SYSTEM OVERVIEW Main Functions K B Makes Stores Releases Kidneys: make urine, filter blood function kidney creatinineindicatorof Bladder: stores urine Urethra: releases urine aitsFa neeasaiaiysis Renal System does: o Regulates fluid + electrolytes o Gets rid of waste o Helps make hormones o Controls blood pressure si Ir Nephron = Kidney’s working unit Parts: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Glomerulus – filters blood Proximal tubule – reabsorbs good stuff Loop of Henle – keeps water & salt balance Distal tubule – fine-tunes urine Collecting duct – sends urine to bladder 🚽 ALTERED URINARY ELIMINATION (When peeing goes wrong) 1. 🌀 Altered Motility • • Cause: Reduced movement of urine through tubes Effects: o Urine sits too long (stasis) stagnanturine o Risk of obstruction gas initiae o Impaired kidney function laiut 2. ⚡ Altered Neuromuscular Function • Cause: Nerves or muscles don’t send or receive signals properly Exam ischemiaimpairedbloodflowtotissue over timenecrosisinfarction • Effects: o Can’t pee (retention) o Can’t control pee (incontinence) 3. ❤️ Altered Perfusion (Blood Flow) • • • Focal: One area gets less blood (ex: blocked artery) Global: Whole kidney system gets less blood (ex: low BP) Effects: lowoxygenLow oxygen o Ischemia: o Infarction: Tissue death o Pain from injury 4. 🚫 Altered now Patency (Blocked Pathway) opened • • Cause: Obstruction (stone, tumor, etc.) Effects: o Urine backup → swelling (hydronephrosis) chronic o Stagnant urine → UTI meanings o Kidney damage General Urinary Symptoms • • • • Changes in amount or look of urine Blood in urine (hematuria) Exam Pain or distention Nausea, vomiting, fever, loss of appetite mustknow 💩 BOWEL ELIMINATION OVERVIEW Large Intestine Parts CACRA • Cecum → Appendix → Colon → Rectum → Anal canal ⚠️ ALTERED BOWEL ELIMINATION 1. 🌀 Altered Motility parasympatheticcontrolsmovement • • • Too fast: Diarrhea (less absorption time) Too slow: Constipation (too much absorption) accumulation fecesconstipation Risk: Obstruction of 2. ❤️ Altered Perfusion • local globalor chilatthecrosis Less blood flow = pain, tissue death ischemia nowopened 3. 🚫 Altered Patency (Blocked) obstructionduetotumororimpaction • • Cause: Tumor or stool impaction Effects: Distention, perforation General Bowel Symptoms Altered stoolvolume Changes in stool (amount, color, consistency) Bleeding: misnigherthano o Melena: black, tarry (upper GI bleed) comes mouth from bothemergencies mismouthois o Occult: hidden blood instoolfound testingLowerall poop by • Pain, bloating • Nausea, vomiting, fever • • Glupsey 🧠 KEY CONDITIONS urinarystone 🔹 Urolithiasis (Kidney Stones) • • • disorders bowel company Exam kidneystonesdehydrationfamilyhistory iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii.is Cause: Urinary stasis, high salt, dehydration Pain: cacute o Colic: sharp, intermittent, radiatingcaused distentionofcollectingsystemorureter by o Non-colic: dull, constant sanoseeninuretera.it Other: Hematuria (blood in urine) blood urine in hematuria wretarstone iij 🔹 Urinary Incontinence (Can’t hold pee) Types: 1. 2. 3. 4. Exam contraction m uscle impaired transmission altered neural stimulation hormonal mechanical factors Stress: Leak with cough/sneeze (weak pelvic muscles)whenintra i ncreasespregnancy pressure a bdominal laughing heavyweights Urge: Sudden urge, can’t make it in time (overactive bladder)can fromanaccident be Overflow: Bladder can’t empty → dribbling fromobstructionwearbladdermuscle leads tooverdistentions Functional: Normal system but can’t reach toilet (mobility or dementia issues) related c hanges age 🔹 Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) mutation genetic need call toknow • • • Cause: Genetic mutation What happens: Fluid-filled cysts replace kidney tissue → decreased function Symptoms: o Big kidneys o High BP o Flank pain o Kidney stones, infections o May affect liver, heart, brain 🔹 Chronic Kidney (Renal) Failure undergodialysis ftp.iiggggy • • • • • • • Sodium/Water: Fluid retention → swelling, high BP Potassium: Too high → heart problems cardiacarrhythmias Waste: Uremia → confusion, nausea Erythropoietin ↓: Anemia → fatigue Acid-Base: Metabolic acidosis Vitamin D ↓: Low calcium → weak bones Phosphate ↑: Worsens bone loss badkidney filtering not proteinuria isacommonclinicalmanifestation 🔹 Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) exam Cause: Bacteria (mainly E. coli) Common in: Women (short urethra)Yisetoanus Risk factors: Poor hygiene, sex Locations: o Kidneys = Pyelonephritis o Bladder = Cystitis o Urethra = Urethritis 🔹 Diverticular Disease • • • • Cause: Pressure + weak intestinal wall → small pouches (diverticula) If inflamed = Diverticulitis exam Symptoms: Left lower quadrant pain, fever, nausea Complications: Obstruction, infection, poor blood flow 🔹 Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) in damage glomerus imbalance Electrolyte • • • • p ppaucei Exam Type Main Area Anywhere (usually small intestine)ileum Crohn’s Ulcerative Colitis Rectum → upward Pattern Features Skip 99 hole Deep ulcers, fibrosis, obstruction lesions Shallow ulcers, bleeding, Continuous perforation limitedto mucosa exam 🔹 Pancreatitis • • gallstonescholerithiasis Exam Acute: Gallstones block duct → sudden severe RUQ pain Chronic: From long-term alcohol use 🔹 Hepatitis Exam Definition: Liver inflammation Causes: Infection, alcohol, drugs Transmission: • • • • • t attoosapiercingsIv drugsHepB multiple A E poopymouth A: Fecal-oral BforBaby B: Blood, sex, mom→baby C: Blood D: Needs B to exist E: Fecal-oral Key Sign: Jaundice (yellow skin/eyes) liver 🔹 Gastritis ina mmm'ation • • ofgastricmucosa arcono Acute: Irritating food/substance Chronic: H. pylori infection or autoimmune mimasia (Reflux) 🔹 GERD • • • Definition: Stomach acid flows into esophagus exposureofgastriccontentinto theesophagus Causes: Hiatal hernia, obesity, pregnancy, smoking, certain foodsspicyfattychocolatecaffeinealcohol Complications: Esophagitis, ulcers, bleeding, narrowing, cancer risk serious cancer most risk oesophageal f increased filthy