Information and Communication Technology (Evidence from Turkey) Appendix

Appendix Table 1: Composition of ICT Development Index (IDI) Variables ICT Access Fixed telephone subscription per 100 inhabitants Mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants International internet bandwidth(bit/s) per internet user Percentage of household with a computer ICT Use Percentage of individuals using the internet Fixed broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants ICT Skills Secondary gross enrolment ratio Tertiary gross enrolment ratio Weight in sub-group Weight of subgroup 40% 25% 25% 25% 25% 40% 50% 50% 20% 50% 50% Table 2: The country samples in the models Export Model Germany United Kingdom(UK) Italy United States (US) France Switzerland Spain Iran Russia Saudi Arabia Netherlands Egypt Romania Israel Belgium China Poland Azerbaijan Algeria Bulgaria Syria Greece Morocco Sweden Ukraine Georgia Austria Cyprus Denmark Jordan Tunisia Slovenia Czech Republic Lebanon Hungary Import Model China Germany Russia United States (US) Italy France Korea Republic Iran India Spain United Kingdom (UK) Ukraine Belgium Japan Poland Netherlands Romania Switzerland Bulgaria Czech Republic Saudi Arabia Greece Israel Indonesia Sweden Austria Malaysia Hungary Egypt Thailand Finland Bangladesh Mexico Slovakia Table 3: Descriptive statistics of variables in the import model Variables Obs. Mean Min. Max. 21.236 Std. Dev. 1.172 lnReal import lnGDP lnPopulation lnIDI index lnICT access lnICT use lnICT skill lndistance Border Language Colony RTA Landlocked Island lnexchange rate lntariff rates lnrailway lnpolitical openness lndiff per capita GDP 510 17.228 23.811 510 510 510 510 510 510 510 510 510 510 510 510 510 510 53.730 35.553 2.150 .008 -.991 .330 7.885 .088 .029 .088 .592 .147 .029 1.605 1.405 1.424 .359 .333 .932 .200 .790 .283 .169 .283 .491 .354 .169 2.607 50.499 33.422 1.126 -.970 -3.951 -.292 6.568 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1.272 57.560 39.179 2.698 .455 .157 .803 9.359 1 1 1 1 1 1 9.564 442 470 476 -.037 9.734 .778 1.608 2.181 .627 -6.168 5.786 -1.966 2.603 14.859 1.337 510 .391 1.202 -2.740 2.222 Table 4: Descriptive statistic of the variables in the export model Variables lnreal export lnGDP lnpopulation lnIDI index lnICT access lnICT use lnICT skill lndistance Border Language Colony RTA Landlocked Island lnexchange rate lntariff rates lnrailway lnpolitical openness lndiff Per capita GDP Obs. 520 Mean 20.677 518 525 525 525 52.992 34.865 2.138 0.005 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 Std. Dev. 1.340 Min. 12.196 Max. 23.217 1.803 1.416 .355 .333 48.896 31.719 1.206 -.9577 57.560 39.179 2.698 .455 -1.054 .332 7.458 .171 .0571 .171 .691 .142 .057 1.034 .965 .187 .603 .377 .232 .377 .462 .350 .232 2.228 -3.930 -.326 6.442 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1.272 .163 .8033 9.180 1 1 1 1 1 1 9.366 220 458 490 1.771 9.392 .6345 1.211 2.210 .736 -2.525 5.288 -1.966 3.842 14.859 1.342 510 .389 1.119 -1.704 2.222 Table 5: Correlation Matrix for Import Model Import Model lnrealimport lnGDP lnpopulation lndistance lnIDI index lnICTaccess lnICTuse lnICTskills Border Language Colony RTA Landlocked Island lnreal import 1.000 0.676 0.301 -0.000 0.516 0.530 0.465 0.504 -0.006 -0.04 -0.194 0.143 -0.213 0.063 lnGDP 1.000 0.554 0.520 0.392 0.388 0.394 0.313 -0.284 -0.325 -0.345 -0.132 -0.272 0.293 lnpopulati on 1.000 0.620 -0.297 -0.308 -0.221 -0.333 -0.170 -0.202 -0.164 -0.622 -0.463 0.142 lndistance 1.000 -0.134 -0.166 -0.013 -0.258 -0.382 -0.290 -0.448 -0.663 -0.253 0.261 lnIDI index lnICT access 1.000 0.984 0.963 0.890 -0.068 -0.028 -0.075 0.412 0.120 0.079 1.000 0.951 0.847 -0.045 -0.019 -0.059 0.432 0.140 0.073 lnICTuse 1.000 0.780 -0.113 -0.042 -0.111 0.328 0.124 0.091 lnICT skills 1.000 0.003 -0.006 -0.007 0.433 0.019 0.038 Border 1.000 0.559 0.634 0.258 -0.129 -0.054 Langua ge 1.000 0.559 0.144 -0.072 -0.030 Colony RTA 1.000 0.159 -0.129 -0.054 1.000 0.254 -0.209 Landloc ked 1.000 -0.072 Island 1.000 Table 6: Correlation matrix for export model Export Model lnreal export lnrealexport lnGDP lnpopulation lndistance lnIDI index lnICTaccess lnICTuse lnICTskills Border Language Colony RTA Landlocked Island 1.000 0.674 0.581 0.387 0.383 0.387 0.354 0.376 -0.042 -0.402 -0.301 0.135 -0.152 -0.234 lnGDP 1.000 0.710 0.712 0.478 0.489 0.439 0.415 -0.389 -0.259 -0.319 0.110 -0.111 0.071 lnpopu lation lndist ance 1.000 0.660 -0.035 -0.032 -0.027 -0.046 -0.167 -0.284 -0.175 -0.284 -0.246 -0.081 1.000 0.133 0.124 0.159 0.042 -0.380 -0.366 -0.445 -0.174 -0.052 -0.044 lnIDI Index 1.000 0.983 0.971 0.876 -0.226 0.022 -0.158 0.461 0.071 0.130 lnICT Access lnICT use 1.000 0.963 0.820 -0.223 0.033 -0.144 0.479 0.079 0.144 1.000 0.784 -0.225 0.024 -0.145 0.434 0.082 0.128 lnICT Skills 1.0000 -0.176 0.000 -0.1488 0.382 -0.024 0.047 Border 1.000 0.269 0.374 0.121 0.042 -0.099 Langu age 1.000 0.534 0.151 -0.093 0.369 Colony RTA 1.000 0.047 -0.175 0.156 1.000 0.228 0.151 Landl ocked 1.000 -0.093 Island 1.000 Fig. 1 The plots of export versus ICT indices Fig. 2 The Plots of import versus ICT indices