Workers’ Migration and Remittances in Bangladesh (Figures)

No. of Migrant Workers (in thousands) 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 Year Figure 1: Total Number of International Migrant Workers from Bangladesh: 1976 - 2009 0 Others: 4.92% Libya: 1.23% Qatar: 2.31% Bahrain: 2.84% Singapore: 4.15% Oman: 5.35% Kuwait: 7.11% Malaysia: 10.37 % UAE: 23.55 % Saudi Arabia: 38.17% % Share in Total Migrant Workers 40 30 20 10 Destination Countries Figure 2: International Migrant Workers from Bangladesh by Country of Destination (in Percentages) : 1976-2009 Remittaces (Billion of USD) 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 Year Figure 3: Remittance Flows into Bangladesh: 1976 – 2009 Total remittance between 1998-99 and 2009-2010 (Billions of US Dollar) 0 Saudi Arabia USA UAE Kuwait U.K Qatar Oman Malayasia Bahrain Italy Singapore Japan Germany South Korea Hong Kong Australia Iran Libya 20 16 12 8 4 Figure 4: Remittance flow into Bangladesh by country of origin: total between 1998-2009 Generalized Impulse Responses to a One S.D. Shock to Remittances Inflation Growth of Indutrial Production .003 .020 .002 .015 .010 .001 .005 .000 .000 -.001 -.005 -.002 -.010 -.003 -.015 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 Export Growth 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 9 10 11 12 Import Growth .06 .06 .04 .04 .02 .02 .00 .00 -.02 -.02 -.04 -.04 -.06 -.06 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Exchange Rate Growth Money (M1) Growth .004 .10 .003 .05 .002 .001 .00 .000 -.001 -.05 -.002 -.003 -.10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Figure 5: Generalized Impulse Responses from a Vector Autoregression Macroeconomic Model Table 1: Number of Migrant Workers from Bangladesh by Country of Destination: 1976 - 2009 Country Year 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 KSA UAE 217 1,379 3,212 6,476 8,695 13,384 16,294 12,928 20,399 37,133 27,235 39,292 27,622 39,949 57,486 75,656 93,132 106,387 91,385 84,009 72,734 106,534 158,715 185,739 144,618 137,248 163,269 162,131 139,031 80,425 109,513 204,112 132,124 14,666 1,989 5,819 7,512 5,069 4,847 6,418 6,863 6,615 5,185 8,336 8,790 9,953 13,437 15,184 8,307 8,583 12,975 15,810 15,051 14,686 23,812 54,719 38,796 32,344 34,034 16,252 25,462 37,346 47,012 61,978 130,204 226,392 419,355 258,348 Kuwait Oman 643 1,315 2,243 2,298 3,687 5,464 7,244 10,283 5,627 7,384 10,286 9,559 6,524 12,404 5,957 28,574 34,377 26,407 14,912 17,492 21,042 21,126 25,444 22,400 594 5,341 15,769 26,722 41,108 47,029 35,775 4,212 319 10 113 1,492 2,877 3,777 4,745 7,352 8,248 11,110 10,448 9,218 6,255 440 2,219 15,429 13,980 23,087 25,825 15,866 6,470 20,949 8,691 5,985 4,779 4,045 5,258 4,561 3,854 4,029 4,435 4,827 8,082 17,478 52,896 41,704 Qatar Bahrain Lebanon Jordan 1,221 2,262 1,303 1,383 1,455 2,268 6,252 7,556 2,726 4,751 4,847 5,889 7,390 8,462 7,672 3,772 3,251 2,441 624 71 112 1,873 6,806 5,611 1,433 223 552 94 1,268 2,114 7,691 15,130 25,548 11,672 335 870 762 827 1,351 1,392 2,037 2,473 2,300 2,965 2,597 2,055 3,268 4,830 4,563 3,480 5,804 5,396 4,233 3,004 3,759 5,010 7,014 4,639 4,637 4,371 5,421 7,482 9,194 10,716 16,355 16,433 13,182 28,426 37 37 382 406 490 907 1,389 219 2 3 14 821 3,541 8,444 13,941 38.17 23.55 7.11 5.35 2.31 2.84 0.45 Sudan Malaysia Singapore 173 718 2,394 23 1,969 110 2,976 3 385 4,162 1,083 2,071 331 2,209 23 178 3,386 718 1,514 792 3,111 530 25 2,271 2,759 2 1,609 401 229 471 1,385 776 1,124 1,628 642 1,617 10,537 313 1,800 67,938 1,739 1,864 47,826 391 1,106 35,174 3,762 1,966 66,631 5,304 1,934 2,844 27,401 1,254 8 551 21,728 1,744 16 9,596 1,010 54 17,237 11,095 450 153 4,921 9,615 1,829 1,574 136 85 6,856 2,128 2,855 784 28 5,304 6,022 606 923 224 6,948 9,101 972 885 2,911 9,651 2,822 104 2,380 20,469 20,139 494 1,480 1,726 273,201 38,324 682 5,067 170 131,762 56,581 1,691 22,742 514 12,402 39,581 Total 2,573,129 1,587,483 479,571 360,524 155,723 191,181 30,633 24,769 % Libya 0.37 S. Korea UK Italy Japan Egypt Total Misc. Brunei Mauritius Romania Others Clearance Employment 1,558 3,315 2,759 889 578 1,501 990 1,561 28 3,771 215 223 992 39 1,521 1,474 166 2,055 2,793 1,625 972 952 1,253 19 28 550 950 1,428 10,950 6,928 5,339 7 22 19 37 12 47 79 174 164 133 39 9 3 17 26 33 207 639 1,068 1,891 3,018 228 328 1,335 2,659 3,062 303 169 1 1,420 2,958 154 980 1,802 191 496 1,186 1,054 2,699 12 12 26 229 196 238 16 139 271 272 59 44 1,381 2,090 3,658 3,071 1,826 830 229 83,062 7,749 698,736 279,597 21,414 9,816 26,192 733 6,911 21,025 13,540 1,059 1.23 0.11 10.37 4.15 0.32 0.15 0.39 0.01 0.10 0.31 0.20 0.02 Source: Bureau of Manpower, Employment and Training (BMET), Bangladesh 1,396 1,870 2,483 2,586 1,929 14,264 13,422 5,845 5,925 5,601 4,982 4,558 4,900 3,227 3,217 585 16 347 269 681 1,156 1,314 420 181 4 1,017 133 301 2,859 4,015 8,995 1,827 1,631 5,219 8,582 12,240 10,722 10,222 10,914 8,485 107,175 61,165 1.59 0.91 6,087 15,725 22,809 24,495 30,073 55,787 62,762 59,220 56,714 77,694 68,658 74,017 68,121 101,724 103,814 147,131 188,124 244,508 186,326 187,543 211,714 231,077 267,667 268,182 222,686 188,965 225,256 254,190 272,958 252,702 381,516 832,609 875,055 475,278 6,741,187 Table 2: Workers’ Remittances into Bangladesh by Country of Origin: 1998-99 – 2009-10 (millions of US Dollar) Country 19981999 19992000 20002001 20012002 20022003 20032004 20042005 20052006 20062007 20072008 20082009 20092010 Total Bahrain Kuwait Oman Qatar K.S.A. U.A.E. Libya Iran 38.94 230.22 91.93 63.94 685.49 125.34 0.14 0.19 41.8 245.01 93.01 63.73 916.01 129.86 0.04 0 44.05 247.39 83.66 63.44 919.61 144.28 0.1 0 54.12 285.75 103.27 90.6 1147.95 233.49 0 0 63.72 338.59 114.06 113.55 1254.31 327.4 0.16 0.22 61.11 361.24 118.53 113.64 1386.03 373.46 0.13 0.38 67.18 406.8 131.32 136.41 1510.46 442.24 0.27 0.52 61.29 454.38 153 161.43 1562.21 512.64 0.16 1.68 79.96 680.7 196.47 233.17 1734.7 804.84 2.61 2.36 138.2 863.73 220.64 289.79 2324.23 1135.14 0.36 3.24 157.43 970.75 290.06 343.36 2859.09 1754.92 1.25 3.28 98.69 602.67 218.72 222.94 1985.13 1100.45 1.01 2.74 906.49 5687.23 1814.67 1896 18285.22 7084.06 6.23 14.61 1236.2 1489.5 1502.5 1915.2 2212 2414.5 2695.2 2906.8 3734.8 4975.3 6380.1 4232.4 35694.51 0 5.13 0 67.52 13.07 54.04 239.41 5.14 39.42 1.87 43.95 0 5.15 0.22 54.04 11.63 71.79 241.3 4.7 34.56 0.52 35.95 0 3.96 0.41 30.6 7.84 55.7 225.62 3.84 10.74 0.33 40.53 2.28 3.99 0.35 46.85 14.26 103.31 356.24 6.11 14.14 0.79 37.63 3.38 4.77 19.32 41.4 31.06 220.22 458.05 9.57 18.24 3.93 40.02 4.79 5.92 27.16 37.06 32.37 297.54 467.81 12.12 18.73 5.19 48.76 7.15 5.63 41.38 25.51 47.69 375.77 557.31 10.1 15.99 18.41 48.15 8.89 5.37 78.43 19.05 61.32 517.39 701.37 10.95 8.71 16.4 92.56 11.34 6.15 149.65 11.84 80.24 886.9 930.33 14.91 10.17 17.08 125.05 13.11 8.1 214.46 92.44 130.11 896.13 1380.08 26.87 16.29 19.69 142.17 6.78 9.09 186.9 282.22 165.13 789.65 1575.22 19.32 14.12 18.33 242.36 5.21 5.46 128.3 328.13 112.59 524.91 845.35 11.6 9.25 15.25 267.19 62.93 68.72 846.58 1036.66 707.31 4793.35 7978.09 135.23 210.36 117.79 1164.32 469.55 459.86 379.57 585.95 849.96 957.45 1153.1 1520.4 2243.7 2939.5 3309.1 2253.2 17121.34 1705.7 1949.3 1882.1 2501.1 3062 3372 3848.3 4427.2 5978.5 7914.8 9689.3 6485.6 52815.85 Sub total for Middle East Australia Hong Kong Italy Malaysia Singapore U.K. U.S.A. Germany Japan S.Korea Others Sub total for regions other than Middle East Total Source: Bangladesh Bank Table 3 Percentage Distribution of Remittances by Expenditure Categories Expenditure categories Range of percentage share of remittances spent Food and clothing 20-36 Purchase of land 3-40 Home construction and repair 2-30 Repayment of loans 10-19 Wedding and other social ceremonies 0-10 Education 0-5 Savings 3-7 Funding other people’s migration 0-7 Investment in business 0-5 Health care 0-4 Source: Compiled from various studies Table 4: Comparison of Remittances with Key Macro Variables Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Remittances as a percentage share of Merchandise Foreign GDP FDI Exports Aid 4.15 337.88 34.97 4.41 584.21 36.11 151.2805 5.98 867.44 52.32 197.4889 6.12 907.38 51.01 200.4814 6.30 774.39 47.00 344.8075 7.05 502.94 50.03 285.0349 8.86 691.56 47.08 9.60 986.19 51.61 402.6996 11.37 826.80 64.59 435.451 Source: Authors’ calculations using data obtained from UNCTAD, Bangladesh Bank, and the World Bank Table 5. Remittance Induced Output in Bangladesh Rice Other crop Live stock Fisheries Forestry Leather Wood Miscellaneous industries Urban house Rural house Petroleum Electricity Transport service Banking service Other service Increase in output when USD1 of remittances is spent (in USD) 1.09 1.21 1.34 1.00 4.91 1.18 1.52 2.67 1.10 1.04 1.73 1.42 1.74 1.37 1.11 Source: Authors’ calculations from the results reported in Stahl & Habib (1989)