Computing Innovations and Development Processes

 Creative Development (10–13%) Big Idea #1 ↓ ● Computing innovations: an innovation that uses a program as a key part of their function. Computing Innovation Samples: ● Physical: Robots, Tablets, & Smart technology ● Not Physical: Social Media, Applications, Editing Software, & Video Games ● Collaboration is integral to CS because it allows for diverse ideas and thoughts that cater towards different people. ● Pair programming is when two people share a computer and take turns coding. ● Logic Errors: unexpected behavior in program’s output ● Syntax Errors: the code does not work properly because it is typed or written incorrectly ● Run-Time Errors: error occurs while code runs ● Overflow Errors: the numbers are too big for the computer ● iterative development process : develop working prototypes of a program and go back through the cycle to redevelop the program ● incremental development process : break a problem into small parts and then reassemble the solution when each party is fixed ● waterfall development model: . a step-by-step process where each step flows into another. Data (17–22%) Big Idea #2 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Algorithms & Programming (30–35%) ↓ Data is a collection of numbers and facts from different sources Bits (binary digits) are what computers store data in Computers read machine code which is usually in the binary system. You must convert numbers between bases quickly for the MCQS 8 bits = 1 byte Hexadecimal is used for RGB color codes & it uses numbers & letters to represent values ASCII code converts text to binary format Abstraction: reduces complexity by only focusing on the most important parts & hiding the irrelevant parts from the user. Analog data is measured continuously & change smoothly Digital data is measured digitally and leaves out extra data by simplifying the data collected (form of abstraction) Data compression is dependent on 1) the method used and 2) the amount of repeated info in the data Lossless compression: less compression & better file quality Lossy compression : more compression & worse file quality Metadata: data about data Data mining: examining very large data sets to find information Transforming data: editing or modifying data Big Idea #3 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Computer Systems & Networks (11–15%) Big Idea #4 ↓ ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● sequential computing: traditional programming where each program is processed at a time Parallel computing: when program is broken into smaller operations and processed at the same time using multiple processors Distributed computing: multiple devices communicate together to run a program sequential solution: takes as long as the # of all steps in a program parallel computing solution: faster w less # of cores fault tolerant: something can still function even w/ a partial malfunction Redundancy: duplication of things Internet = inter connection and net works computer network is when multiple computing devices communicate with each other Data on the internet is split into data packets Routing: the process of finding the best path to deliver information. Impact of Computing (21–26%) Big Idea #5 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ↓ digital divide : gaps between those who have access to the internet and those who do not The things that affect this are demographics, socioeconomic status, and geographic location intellectual property the work that people consider “theirs” Copyright: the person who created something determines who uses their creation Creative Commons : copyright license for creators to give others the ability to use their work Open-sourcing : work is freely shared, distributed, and modified Open access : research available to public w/ out restrictions Malware : malicious software that takes control of a system Phishing: tricks ppl into giving their personal information away Encryption: encoding data to prevent others from accessing it Symmetric key encryption one key for both encrypting & decrypting Public key encryption public key to encrypt & private key to decrypt ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ↓ pseudocode: will be used a lot on the MCQ section of the AP Exam, make sure to review the AP CSP exam sheet and fully understand all of the pseudocode. AP pseudocode has an index that starts are 1 Loops traverse through lists/arrays/strings Data types: integers, strings, lists and booleans List (array) an ordered sequence of element Strings are an ordered list of characters ○ Substrings are part of a string String concatenation occurs when two strings or more are connected w/ a “+” An algorithm has instructions that accomplish a task or solve a problem All algorithms are created using sequencing, selection, and iteration Sequencing means that all of the code is executed in the order they are written in. Expression a statement that only returns one value. (Evaluated with PEMDAS) Selection statements are processed through if statements that all have conditions that need to be met for the selection to run Else statements are attached to if statements which specify what happens if a condition is not met MOD (%) gives you the remainder of 2 #’s Nested conditional statements have conditional statements inside of conditional statements Procedures are programming instructions that are also called methods or functions Parameters: input variables of a procedure Arguments: a call with defined values + attributes logical operators : NOT, AND and OR An element is an individual value in a list & all elements have an index