Correction Refresher

Correction refresher ★​ Difference between jails and prisons? jail can be used to describe a place for those awaiting trial or held for minor crimes, whereas prison describes a place for criminals convicted of serious crimes. ★​ Difference between probation and parole? Probation is granted to offenders accused of misdemeanors or low-level felonies, while parole is given to convicted felons that have already completed a portion of their prison sentence. ★​ What is bail? Bail is a set of pre-trial restrictions that are imposed on a suspect to ensure that they will not hamper the judicial process. Bail is the conditional release of a defendant with the promise to appear in court when required. Important Early changes to the CJ system ❖​ prosecutors ★​ Private or public ❖​ Trials by jury an plea bargains ❖​ Capital punishment ❖​ “Houses of correction” Development of prisons and penitentiaries ❖​ Solitary confinement ❖​ No visitors ❖​ No communication between inmates ❖​ Walk in lockstep ❖​ Introduction of uniforms ❖​ Reduce criminal reputation Women in Early prisons ❖​ Separate wing,large room, attic, or separate little house ❖​ Left to their devices ❖​ Matrons ❖​ Less exercise and fresh air ❖​ African Americans and recent immigrants ❖​ Not worthy of reformation Reforming prisoners ❖​ 1870s and 1880s ❖​ Desire for reformation over punishment and confinement ❖​ upstanding , middle class oriented, protestant molded,citizens ❖​ Early parole 20th Century changes ❖​ Criminal procedure laws ❖​ Juvenile courts ❖​ Federal bureau of prisons ❖​ Adoption of parole laws ❖​ Overcrowding ❖​ max/medium/min security ❖​ Separation of men, women, and children Juvenile court ❖​ Children in need of help ❖​ Conflated delinquency with criminality ❖​ Use the courts to control rebellious children ❖​ Young women brought to court for the prevailing sexual double standard Definitions ❖​ Jury nullification ★​ Jury nullification, jury equity, or a perverse verdict occurs when the jury in a criminal trial gives a not guilty verdict despite a defendant having clearly broken the law. ❖​ Indeterminate sentencing ★​ a type of custodial sentence that consists of a range of years (such as five to ten years) and not a fixed time, which means the convicted person's release date is left open. ❖​ Habeas corpus ★​ a writ requiring a person under arrest to be brought before a judge or into court, especially to secure the person's release unless lawful grounds are shown for their detention. Corrections corporation of america ❖​ World's first private company ❖​ Started in 1983 ❖​ 1984: county jail and juvenile detention facility in TN, facility in houston for immigration detainees ❖​ 1997: becomes a real estate “Minus the urinals and painted pink” ❖​ Prisons designed by men for men ❖​ Results is scaled down version of male institutions ❖​ Does not consider differences in security risk; service needs,crimes committed. Personalities, etc. ❖​ Recent research on purpose driven design Growth in incarceration rate, but… ❖​ Incarceration rate of women on the rise, but men in jails and prisons still greatly outnumber women ❖​ Types of criminal men v. women are arrested, convicted, and sentences for are very different ❖​ How men and women act, handle stress,and deal with imprisonment are very different ❖​ Rates of substance abuse disorders,mental illnesses, and other health issues are higher in women's Prisons Gender Bias In Risk Assessments ❖​ Research on individual’s risk of recidivism, necessary security level, and likelihood of success in programs, have mainly been conducted on men, or sometimes mixed samples (never women only) ❖​ Given that women are incarcerated for less violent crimes,and have more histories of abuse ❖​ They are less likely to reoffend, though typical risk assessment finds the opposite ❖​ Results in being kept from rehabilitation programs and being placed in higher security Facilities that necessary Prison services for women ❖​ More women enter prison suffering from mental illness and other mental health concern Than men, and more women have been found to make use of mental health services in incarceration Settings than men ❖​ Women often serve shorter ❖​ While rehabilitative service would thus prove more useful in womens prisons, as they get Ready to return to communities and families ❖​ Often offered less frequently and given less attention Health and stress ❖​ Compared to men, incarcerated women are more likely to: ★​ Be victims of prior physical and sexual abuse ★​ Suffer from mental and physical health conditions ★​ Have substance abuse histories and problems ★​ Be parents, whether they have custody/contact with the children or not ❖​ Women also respond to stress differently than men, and prison is a stressful place ❖​ While men externalize stress,leading to violence tend to internalize stress leading to higher Chances of engaging in self-harming behaviors and suicide attempts It's not just(Adult) men: juvenile in prison Just mini Adults? ❖​ Adult system focus ★​ Public safety and punishment for criminal conduct ❖​ Juvenile system focus ★​ Treatment and rehabilitation ❖​ Juvenile incarceration settings ★​ Designed to be protective not punitive ★​ Goal is to educate about discipline,values, and work ethics ❖​ Juvenile records are (usually) sealed Important definitions, terms, & acronyms ❖​ Juvenile ★​ showing incomplete development : immature, childish ❖​ Delinquent conduct ★​ ❖​ Conduct in need of supervision(CINS) ★​ ❖​ Adjudication ★​ ❖​ Adjudication hearing ★​ ★​ Capital and serious violent offender program (CSVOP) ★​ General offender Important definition, terms, & Acronyms ❖​ case worker ❖​ Certification ❖​ Classification ❖​ Classifying offense ★​ Your whole record What they did to put them in jail ❖​ Committing offense ★​ What they did within the prison ❖​ Capital offender ★​ any criminal charge which is punishable by the death penalty ❖​ Chronic serious offender ★​ a youth with a history of four or more prior misdemeanor or felony arrests. ❖​ General offender ★​ Non violent offender The process on texas Juvenile engages in delinquent conduct or a CINA violation 1.​ Dealt with informally and retired home or 2.​ Charged with delinquent conduct 1. If juvenile adjudicated, possible outcomes are: A)​Placed on probation B)​ Sent to the texas juveniles justice department (TJJD) with and indeterminate sentence C)​ Sent to the TJJB with a determinate sentence ( only certain offenses) Progressive sanctions & interventions model ❖​ Start with the least amount of intervention or sanctions possible ❖​ Progressively get more serious and intensive as necessary ❖​ Help juveniles learn to become productive, law-abiding citizens ❖​ Goal to keeps juveniles out of adult prison system ❖​ youth at TJJD secure facilities have committed felonies ❖​ Most frequent committing offenses are: ★​ Aggravated robbery ★​ Burglary ★​ Aggravated assault Determinate sentencing in texas ❖​ Approved in 1987, amended in 1995,2001, and 2007 ❖​ Used for certain serious, violent offenses ❖​ Sentenced up to 40 years ❖​ Begin sentence in TJJD ❖​ Must be discharged by 19th birthday Indeterminate commitments in texas ❖​ May remain inTJJD custody until 19th birthday ❖​ Given a minimum length of stay(MLOS) ❖​ Eligible for release on parole once completed assigned MLOS and made sufficient Progress in treatment and other programs ❖​ MLOS calculated by ★​ Offense severity ★​ Risk to community( past behavior)