Final Exam Study Guide 2 SPA 2

Cell and Stress Biology: 1) What is the General Adaptation Syndrome and stages? 2) Know the differences and similarities between necrosis and apoptosis. 3) Know the definitions of the terms: atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and anaplasia. 4) Know the differences and similarities in osmosis and diffusion. 5) Know the different forms of cell communication (e.g. paracrine, autocrine etc..) CV: 1) Know the difference between a thrombus and an embolus. 2) Know the cardiac cycle and the path of blood through the heart. 3) Know common causes of myocardial ischemia and how to recognize them in labs. 4) Know how to calculate cardiac output. 5) Know which hormones can be used to increase and decrease blood pressure. Pulmonary: 1) Know the S/S and etiology of pulmonary embolism (a blood clot that moved into the lungs). 2) Know the S/S and etiology of Emphysema and Chronic Bronchitis 3) Know the definitions of hypercapnia, and hypoxemia and the similarities and differences. 4) Know the S/S and etiology of pneumonia (hint: focus on the different kinds we talked about..). 5) Know how to calculate an ABG. Renal: 1) Know the S/S and etiology of glomerulonephritis. 2) Know the role the kidney plays in stimulating RBC production. 3) Know the role the kidney plays in controlling serum calcium. 4) Know the S/S and etiology of AKI(Acute kidney infection) and CKD – chronic kidney disease as well as the differences and similarities. 5) Know the S/S and etiology of urinary tract infections. #1 Selye◊: Stress “is a state manifested by a specific syndrome of the body developed in response to any stimuli that made an intense systemic demand on it.” • General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) a. Alarm Stage b. A generalized stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system and the HPA* axis resulting in release of catecholamines and cortisol. (Fight or flight!) c. Resistance Stage d. The body selects the most effective and economic channels of defense. e. Exhaustion Stage f. If resistance continues, resources are depleted and signs of “wear and tear” or systemic damage appears. ******************************* #2 Apoptosis (fallen apart):Programmed cell death… equated with suicide ◦ This process eliminates cells that ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Are worn out Have been produced in excess Have developed improperly Have genetic damage Example: Ovaries undergo apoptosis in females age 55. Example: WBCs undergo apoptosis after their participation in an inflammatory reaction. Necrosis – the death of cells due to disease, injury or failure of blood supply ******************************* #3 Atrophy: decrease in cell size Hypertrophy: increase in cell size Hyperplasia: increase in the number of cells Metaplasia: replacement of adult cells Dysplasia: deranged cell growth of a specific tissue Apoptosis (fallen apart): equated with suicide ◦ This process eliminates cells that ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Are worn out Have been produced in excess Have developed improperly Have genetic damage Example: Ovaries undergo apoptosis in females age 55. Example: WBCs undergo apoptosis after their participation in an inflammatory reaction. ******************************* # 4 Osmosis/Diffusion #5 Cellular communication 1. Autocrine signaling occurs when a cell releases a chemical into the extracellular fluid that affects its own activity. 2. Paracrine signaling acts on nearby cells. 3. Endocrine signaling relies on hormones carried in the bloodstream to cells throughout the body. 4. Synaptic signaling occurs in the nervous system, where neurotransmitters act only on adjacent nerve cells.