University:
University of Alberta
Course:
NURS 124 | Foundations of Nursing I
Academic year:

2024
Views:

402

Pages:

4
Author:

Alexa Livingston

ACID BASE BALANCE Buffer: Primary Regulator, fastest acting! RENAL SYSTEM: 2-3 DAYS TO RESPOND GENERATE BICARB AND ELIMINATES H+. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: MINUTES CO2 formed and excreted by lungs. Retention of CO2 = hypovent to blow off If low CO2 hyperventilation to retain. Resp. Acidosis: ^pCO2, vVentilation, vPH ^H+, ^BP, LOC changes ^Improve ventilation. THOB, mech. vent. Metabolic Acidosis: ^HCO3, vPH Diabetes, renal failure, poison ^RR, electrolyte imbalance Treat with Sodium Bicarb Metabolic Alkalosis: ^HCO3, ^PH Vomiting, gastric suction. Respiratory depression, ^RR, hypokalemia. Treat with Diamox (acetazolamide) Respiratory Acidosis (ARDS, COPD, Obesity, Drug OD, Stroke, Pneumonia, Atelectasis): Hypoventilation. Treat with bronchodilators, steroids, oxygen. Improve ventilation. Respiratory Alkalosis (Anxiety, Pain, Fever, Sepsis, Hyperventilation): Hyperventilation. Treat with rebreather bag, sedation. Important Considerations for ABG Interpretation: Compensated vs. uncompensated Acute vs. chronic Drug Overdose: Opioid: Respiratory depression, bradycardia, hypotension. Benzodiazepine: Respiratory depression, sedation. Stimulant: Tachycardia, hypertension, agitation. Fluid Balance: Dehydration: Tachycardia, hypotension, dry mucous membranes, decreased urine output. Overhydration: Edema, crackles, shortness of breath, increased BP. Neurological Assessment: LOC, pupil size and reaction, motor and sensory function. Cardiac Assessment: HR, BP, rhythm, heart sounds. Renal Assessment: Urine output, BUN, creatinine. Electrolyte Imbalance: Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3-. Miscellaneous: Fever: ^metabolic rate, ^oxygen demand. Pain: ^HR, ^BP, ^RR. Sepsis: SIRS, MODS. image_f82288.png content: Section 3: Chemical Quantities and Stoichiometry Area of study devoted to the quantities of materials consumed and produced in a reaction. Atomic Masses In 1961 a system was devised to assign atomic masses to each element. To do this, a "standard" was needed. An isotope of carbon, carbon-12 (12C), was used as the standard and was assigned a value of exactly 12 amu. amu = atomic mass units So, why is carbon's atomic mass 12.01 amu on the Periodic Table? Answer: Most elements occur as a mixture of isotopes and natural carbon is found as 98.89% 12C and 1.11% 13C atoms. So, (0.9889)(12 amu) + (0.0111)(13 amu) = 12.01 amu Atomic mass is a "weighted avg." of isotopes. This is why atomic masses of elements are expressed as decimals on the Periodic Table. Note that not a single carbon atom weighs 12.01 amu!! This is an average weight. Ex: lithium (Li) <-> 6.941 amu