Lesson 1 Chapter 1 – An Introduction to Anatomy

Lesson 1 Chapter 1 – An Introduction to Anatomy 1 Unit 1 Study Guide Anatomy describes and names the parts of the body. Physiology describes how these parts function. Levels of Organization Chemical Cellular Tissue Group of cells that work together Atomic and molecular Organ Grouping of 2 or more tissue types into a recognizable structure w/ specific function System Collection of related organs with a common function Principle Systems The Integumentary System Protects against environmental hazards; helps control body temperature  Cutaneous Membrane (Epidermis, dermis) -   Provide perspiration for evaporative cooling Nails -  Produce hair; innervation provides sensation “ner=nerves” Provide protection for head against UVA Secrete lipid coating that lubricates hair shaft & epidermis Sweat Gland -  Covers skin surface ; protects deeper tissues Nourishes epidermis; provides strength and contains glands Hair follicles (Hairs, sebaceous glands) - Protect and stiffen distal tips of digits Subcutaneous layer - Stores lipids; attaches skin to deeper structures Smallest living unit of the body Organism One living individual Lesson 1 Chapter 1 – An Introduction to Anatomy The Skeletal System Provides support; protects tissue, stores minerals, form blood cells   - Bones, Cartilages and joints (Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton) Support, protect soft tissues, bones store minerals Protects brain, spinal cord, sense organs, and soft tissues of thoracic cavity, support the body weight over lower limbs Provides internal support and positioning of the limbs; supports and moves axial skeleton Bone Marrow Primary site of blood cell production (red marrow), storage of energy reserves in fat cells (yellow marrow) The Muscular System Allows for locomotion; provides support and produces heat  Skeletal muscles (700) (ie. Axial and appendicular) - Provide skeletal movements; control entrances to digestive and respiratory tracts and exits to digestive and urinary tracts; produce heat; support skeleton; protect soft tissue Support and position axial skeleton Support, move and brace limbs  Tendons, aponeuronses - Harness forces of contraction to perform specific tasks The Digestive System Processes food and absorbs minerals/nutrients  Mouth - Receptacle for food; works with associated structures (teeth, tongue) to break up food and pass food and liquids to pharynx (peristalsis)  Salivary Glands - Provide buffers and lubrication; produce enzymes that begin digestion  Pharynx - Conduct solid food and liquids to esophagus, chamber shared with respiratory tract  Esophagus - Delivers food to stomach  Stomach - Secretes acids and enzymes  Liver - Secrete bile; regulates nutrient composition of blood 2 Lesson 1 Chapter 1 – An Introduction to Anatomy  - Gallbladder Stores and concentrates bile for released into small intestine  Pancreas - Secretes digestive enzymes and buffers; contains endocrine cells  Large intestine - Removes water from fecal material, stores wastes Anatomical Position a standard position of the body: standing erect, facing directly forward, feet pointed forward and slightly apart, and arms hanging down at the sides with palms facing forward. This position is used as a reference to describe sites or motions of various parts of the body. Prone position: lying down Supine position: lying face up Anterior: In front of, front Posterior: After, behind, following, toward the rear Distal: Away from, farther from the origin Proximal: Near, closer to the origin Dorsal: Near the upper surface, toward the back Ventral: Toward the bottom, toward the belly Superior: Above, over Inferior: Below, under Lateral: Toward the side, away from the mid-line Medial: Toward the mid-line, middle, away from the side Rostral: Toward the front Caudal: Toward the back, toward the tail Anatomical Body Planes 3 Lesson 1 Chapter 1 – An Introduction to Anatomy 4 Lateral Plane or Sagittal Plane: Imagine a vertical plane that runs through your body from front to back or back to front. This plane divides the body into right and left regions.  Median or Midsagittal Plane: Sagittal plane that divides the body into equal right and left regions.  Parasagittal Plane: Sagittal plane that divides the body into unequal right and left regions. Frontal Plane or Coronal Plane: Imagine a vertical plane that runs through the center of your body from side to side. This plane divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) regions. Transverse Plane: Imagine a horizontal plane that runs through the midsection of your body. This plane divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) regions. Anatomical Terms of Movement Lesson 1 Chapter 1 – An Introduction to Anatomy Flexion and Extension These two terms refer to increasing and decreasing the angle between two body parts: Flexion refers to a movement that decreases the angle between two body parts. Flexion at the elbow is decreasing the angle between the ulna and the humerus. Extension refers to a movement that increases the angle between two body parts. Extension at the elbow is increases the angle between the ulna and the humerus. Abduction and Adduction These terms are used to describe movements towards or away from the midline of the body. Abduction is a movement away from the midline Adduction is a movement towards the midline In fingers and toes, the midline used is not the midline of the body, but of the hand and foot respectively. Pronation and Supination Pronation and supination can occur only when the forearm in semi-flexed. Pronation moves the palm of the hand so that it is facing posteriorly (your forearms are pronated when typing on a keyboard) Supination moves the palm of the hand so that it is facing anteriorly (easy way to remember this is your hands are supinated when holding a bowl of soup) Dorsiflexion and Plantar flexion Both these terms describe movement at the ankle. 5 Lesson 1 Chapter 1 – An Introduction to Anatomy Dorsiflexion refers to extension at the ankle, so that the foot points more superiorly Plantar flexion refers flexion at the ankle, so that the foot points more inferiorly Inversion and Eversion Both these terms describe movement of soles of feet Inversion refers to ankle rotation so bottom faces inward Eversion refers to ankle rotation so bottom faces outward Abdominopelvic Quadrants 4 Quadrants divided into Right Upper Quadrant, Left Upper Quadrant, Right Lower Quadrant, and Left Lower Quadrant 9 Quadrant regions divided into Right Hyochondriac, Epigastric Region, Left Hypochondriac, Right Lumbar, Umbilical, Left Lumbar, Right Iliac, Hypogastric, and Left Iliac. 4 Abdominal Quadrants 6 Lesson 1 Chapter 1 – An Introduction to Anatomy 9 Abdominal Regions 7