First Encounters, First Conquests

Chapter 2: First Encounters, First Conquests, 1492-1607 Chapter Objective: Demonstrate an understanding of the initial encounters of Europeans, Africans, and American Indians. Introduction 1. Who sent Columbus on his voyage? Where and when did he go? How did this voyage affect the Europeans and the American Indians? ● King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella I sent Columbus on his voyage. Christopher Columbus sailed the Atlantic Ocean and reached North America in 1492. This voyage led to the discovery of the Americas for Europeans and led to Europeans conquering American Indian lands and colonization of North America. ● King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella I gave Christopher Columbus resources ● ● ● no weapons easy to conquer good servants ● ● ● ● lied about gold promised slaves natives killed the Spanish punished natives ● ● ● Spain= explore/conquer Portugal=trade in Africa/Asia Treaty of Tordesillas to divide globe ● Italian merchant, made a new map with the Americas ● ● ● ● orders: permanent settlements more gold don't enslave natives knifed natives to death, 2.1 Columbus, The Columbian Exchange, and Early Conquests Learning Objective: Explain the reasons behind the voyages of Columbus and early Spanish encounters with the peoples of the Caribbean, Mexico, and South America. 2. How did Columbus describe the natives? Why did he call the natives “Indians”? ● Columbus described the natives as timid and full of fear. He called the natives Indians as he thought he had landed in India. 3. Isabella and Ferdinand supplied Columbus with ships and men for a second voyage. What did he find different when he arrived back on Hispaniola? ● When he arrived back on Hispaniola he found out that his men had been killed by the Native Americans and his settlement had been destroyed. 4. What was different about Spanish and Portuguese exploration? How did they avoid conflict with one another? [use: Treaty of Tordesillas] ● The Spanish and Portuguese differed as the Spanish explored and colonized land for their empire while the Portuguese used trading ports. They avoided conflict with one another as they divided the world amongst each other. 5. Who is Amerigo Vespucci? What discoveries did he make? [use: America] ● Amerigo Vespucci was an Italian merchant that explored Spain. He discovered that the continent Christopher Columbus arrived on was not Asia but a new Continent. America was therefore named after him. 6. How did Nicolas de Ovando defy the orders of Ferdinand and Isabella? What happened to the Tainos and the other natives of America? ● Nicolas de Ovando defied the orders of Ferdinand and Isabella by treating the natives cruelly. The Tainos and other natives of America were killed and their land was stolen. 7. How was travel before and after 1492 different? What was the role of the Atlantic Ocean? [use: Silk Road] ● Travel before 1492 mostly relied on land routes for trade. The Atlantic Ocean provided routes for exchange between the two continents. ● Land-based (Silk Road/Africa) to ocean-based trade ● Trans-Atlantic trade of plants, animals, diseases, cultures changes eating habits kills natives, no immunity to smallpox 8. What was the Columbian Exchange? How did it affect the eating habits of people around the world? ● The Columbian Exchange was a set of routes of trade between Europe and America. The Columbian Exchange brought fruits, vegetables, and animals from the new world to the old world and would change the staple foods of people across the world. ● ● 9. Where and how did Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizarro conquer for Spain? What purpose did each conquest serve? [use: New Spain] ● Hernan Cortes conquered the Aztec Empire for Spain while Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incan Empire for Spain. Both of these conquests served the purpose of expanding Spain’s wealth, power, and prestige. ● ● ● ● Cortes defeats Aztecs in Mexico established “New Spain” as the center of the Spanish Empire Pizarro defeated Incas in Peru supplied Spain with gold and silver 10. Who is Bartolome de Las Casas? What were his beliefs regarding Spain’s conquests? [use: encomienda, conquistadores] ● Bartolome de Las Casas was a Spanish priest who was rewarded an encomienda and was horrified about the treatment of the natives in North America. He believed that Spain’s and the conquistador's conquests were cruel to the people. ● ● Spanish Priest helped conquer Cuba for Spain Gained encomienda (ranch) w/ Indian slaves Asked king and queen to intervene and protect Indians resulted in some reforms ● ● posted 95 theses of complaints led to split in Christianity ● Spread of printing and Literacy through Europe ● ● 2.2 A Divided Europe: The Impact of the Protestant Reformation Learning Objective: Explain how the Protestant Reformation and the development of the nation-state changed Europe and European ideas about how best to settle and govern America. 11. How did Martin Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses criticize the Roman Catholic Church? How did this lead to the Protestant Reformation? ● Martin Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses criticized Roman Catholic Church's corruption, such as readily accepting bribes. His 95 Theses led to many wanting reforms and starting the Protestant Reformation. 12. What was the significance of Johannes Gutenberg’s printing press? ● Johannes Gutenberg’s printing press was significant as it drastically increased the spread of literacy, religion, and knowledge across Europe. 2.3 Exploration and Encounter in North America: The Spanish Learning Objective: Analyze early Spanish exploration of America north of Mexico. 13. What are the Seven Cities of Cibola? Describe Francisco Vazquez de Coronado’s interactions with the American Indians as he searched for them? ● The Seven Cities of Cibola were seven cities founded by Christan priests that had immense wealth. Francisco Vazquez de Coronado’s interactions with natives came from his battles fought against them for submission to the Spanish crown. ● ● ● ● Explored Southwest to look for le legendary of gold Attacked villages Natives don’t fight back tell him wealth is over horizon 14. Why did Spain set up permanent settlements in North America? ● Spain had set up permanent settlements in North America as they could gain massive amounts of wealth by using slave labor to produce crops and goods and gain the prestige of owning an empire. ● France, England, Holland begin exploring ● ● ● ● ● French Fort Caroline secure lands for France safe haven for French Protestants Spanish St Augustine traded with natives and converted them to Catholicism ● ● ● ● Government of New Mexico, no harsh policies Acoma tribe refused to pay taxes to Spain Acoma tribe killed 13 Spainards Onate punished with foot amputations only 200/2000 survived ● ● Traded furs and animal pelts claim land for France 15. Which two countries attempted to settle in Florida? What were their goals? ● Spain and France attempted to settle in Florida. Spain and France both wanted more land for plantations to gain themselves more wealth. 16. How did Don Juan de Onate’s relationship with the Acoma tribe change over time in New Mexico? Why is he called the Last Conquistador? ● Juan de Onate’s relationship with the Acoma tribe changed when he heard the news that 13 Spaniards had died to the Acoma tribe. He would order the massacre of the Acoma tribe and be called the Last Conquistador as he was banished from New Spain due to excessive violence. ● 2.4 Exploration and Encounter in North America: The French Learning Objective: Analyze early French exploration and claims in North America. 17. Who were the French explorers in North America? Where did they explore? What were they seeking? ● Giovanni da Verrazano, Jacques Cartier, and Samuel de Champlain were French explorers in North America. French explorers explored the great lakes region of North America while seeking a Northwestern passage to North America. 2.5 Exploration and Encounter in North America: The English Learning Objective: Explain English explorers, privateers, and reasons for settlement. 18. What were King Henry VIII’s connections to the Catholic Church? How were they broken? ● King Henry VIII was a devout Catholic who believed in the teachings of the Pope and the Catholic Church. After the Pope denied King Henry VIII a divorce, he split from the Catholic Church to create the Church of England, which would allow him to divorce his wife. ● ● Divorced not allowed by Pope used protestant reformation to split from the Catholic church and create the church of England ● ● Puritans want to purify England Anglicans don’t want the pope but want to keep practices ● Act of Uniformity: forced all in England to switch to Protestantism ● ● ● Elizabeth hates King Phillip of Spain Religious Rivalry Try to overthrow and invade ● ● ● Privateer=hired pirate attack Spanish ships England keeps 20% ● ● Two attempts to settle at Roanoke Island First English Settlement in North America Bad Food Supply Tensions with Natives 19. What were the differences between the Anglicans and the Puritans? ● The difference between Anglicans and Puritans is that the Puritans believed that they needed to purify England from Catholic influences while Anglicans wanted to keep Catholic practices. 20. Why did Queen Elizabeth embrace Protestantism? What was the Act of Uniformity in 1559? ● Queen Elizabeth embraced Protestantism to legitimize her rule and keep herself popular amongst the people of England. The Act of Uniformity forced all people in England to adhere to Protestantism and its practices. 21. Describe the growing rivalry between England and Spain. ● England and Spain had a growing rivalry because of colonial boundaries and religious reasons. Spain and England began having overlapping colonial claims in North America. This was combined with the fact that England was the strongest Protestant country in Europe while Spain was the strongest Catholic country in Europe. This allowed for both of their navies to fight against each other in a set of wars. 22. What is a privateer? What mission did Queen Elizabeth give to privateer Francis Drake? What other accomplishments did he achieve for England? ● A privateer was a pirate that was employed by a government to raid enemy navies. Queen Elizabeth gave privateer Francis Drake the mission of raiding Spanish shipping and bringing back the riches for England. One of Francis Drake’s big achievements was that he burned down the fort of St. Augustine in Spanish-held Florida. 23. What goal did Walter Raleigh have in North America? Describe his two settlement attempts. Why is Roanoke called “the lost colony”? ● Walter Raleigh had the goal of creating a permanent settlement in North America that could serve as a base for resupplying ships for voyages back to England. Walter Raliegh tried settling at Roanoke Island twice by bringing many supplies and many families to the island. The first attempt failed due to a bad food supply so Walter Raliegh tried again a year later with his second voyage. Roanoke is considered a lost colony as there was never an explanation for the mysterious disappearance of the second Roanoke Colony. ● ●