Name: lexy Block: 4 Rock Cycle Test Review (Reminder that Study Guides are GUIDES, not a rewritten version of the test. Some questions on the test may pertain directly to what is in the study guide, some of them are from your notes/our conversations during notes/activities). Remember to color code. Define the following: 1. igneous rock (how are they formed): Formed from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. 2. metamorphic rock (how are they formed):Formed when existing rocks are subjected to high heat and pressure, altering their composition and structure. 3. sedimentary rock (how are they formed): Formed from the accumulation, compaction, and cementation of mineral and organic particles over time. 4. lava: Molten rock that erupts from a volcano and cools on the Earth's surface. 5. magma: Molten rock beneath the Earth's surface. 6. rock cycle:The continuous process in which rocks are formed, broken down, and eformed through geological processes. 7. compaction:The process by which sediments are pressed together under pressure. 8. cementation:The process in which dissolved minerals crystallize and glue sediment particles together. 9. weathering:The breakdown of rocks and minerals by natural forces such as wind, water, and temperature changes. 10.chemical weathering:The breakdown of rocks through chemical reactions, often involving water, oxygen, or acids. 11.physical weathering: The mechanical breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces without chemical change. 12.mass movement:The downward movement of rock and soil due to gravity, such as landslides and mudflows. 13.fertile topsoil: The uppermost soil layer rich in nutrients and organic material, essential for plant growth. 14.plowing:The process of turning over soil to prepare land for planting crops 15.overharvesting: The excessive removal of plants, animals, or other natural resources, leading to depletion. 16.clearing forests:The removal of trees and vegetation, often for agriculture or development, leading to habitat loss and soil erosion. 17.overgrazing:The excessive grazing of livestock on land, leading to soil degradation and reduced vegetation cover. 18.contour plowing:A farming method where plowing follows the natural contours of the land to reduce soil erosion. 19.soil strips: Strips of vegetation planted to prevent soil erosion and improve soil retention. 20.no till: A farming method that avoids disturbing the soil through plowing, reducing erosion and improving soil health. 21.crop rotations:The practice of alternating crops in a field to maintain soil fertility and reduce pests and diseases. 1.Describe the rock cycle. Does it go in a circle? Do all rocks go through all the stages? Do rocks stay in each phase for the same amount of time? Where does the energy come from to fuel the rock cycle? The rock cycle is a continuous process where rocks transform between igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic forms through melting, cooling, erosion, compaction, and heat/pressure. It does not move in a perfect circle, no they can skip stages. The process comes from Earth’s internal heat and the sun’s energy 2.What is the difference between an intrusive and extrusive igneous rock? \ Intrusive igneous rocks form from magma cooling slowly beneath the earth’s surface, creating large crystals. Extrusive igneous rocks form from lava cooling quickly on the surface, resulting in fine-grained textures 3.What is the difference between physical and chemical weathering. Give an example of each. Physical weathering breaks down rocks through mechanical forces (e.g., freeze-thaw cycles), while chemical weathering alters rock composition through chemical reactions (e.g., acid rain dissolving limestone). 4. Describe how each of the following causes erosion and give an example of each. Gravity - Causes rockfalls, landslides, and soil movement Wind - Moves small particles, shaping landscapes Water - Erodes soil and rock through rivers, waves, and rainfall Ice - Glaciers scrape and transport rock, carving landscapes 5. What are glaciers? How do they change landscapes? Glaciers are massive ice bodies that move slowly over land, eroding rock and shaping landscapes through processes like plucking and abrasion, forming valleys, fjords, and moraines. 6. Why do we see fossils in sedimentary rocks and not igneous or metamorphic rocks? Sedimentary rocks form from the gradual accumulation of sediments, preserving fossils. Igneous rocks form from molten material that destroys fossils, and metamorphic rocks undergo high heat and pressure, altering or destroying fossils. 7. What are some negatives of using pesticides in farming? Some positives? ● Negatives: Can harm beneficial insects, contaminate water supplies, and contribute to pesticide resistance. ● Positives: Help control pests, increase crop yields, and reduce crop damage. 8. What are some negatives of using fertilizers in farming? Some positives? ● Negatives: Can cause water pollution, lead to soil degradation, and contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. ● Positives: Enhance soil fertility, boost crop production, and improve plant growth. 9. How does vegetation (trees, grass, shrubs, etc) stabilize a slope or prevent topsoil erosion? Plant roots hold soil in place, reducing erosion by stabilizing slopes and preventing runoff. 10. What is no till farming? How does it prevent topsoil erosion? No-till farming avoids plowing, preserving soil structure, reducing erosion, and improving soil moisture retention. 11. What is contour plowing? How does it prevent topsoil erosion? Contour plowing follows land contours to slow water runoff, reducing soil erosion. 12. What is crop rotation? How does it prevent topsoil erosion? Crop rotation alternates crops to maintain soil nutrients, reduce erosion, and prevent soil depletion. 13. What are soil strips? How does it prevent topsoil erosion? Soil strips, or buffer strips, are vegetated areas that trap sediments, slow runoff, and reduce erosion. 14. How does overgrazing contribute to top soil erosion? Overgrazing removes vegetation, exposing soil to wind and water erosion, leading to desertification. 15. Provide the different types of mining: a. surface Mining b. Underground Mining c. Placer Mining d. In-Situ Mining e. Mountaintop removal Mining 16. What is the difference between surface and subsurface mining? Surface mining and subsurface mining differ primarily in their extraction methods and depth. Surface mining is used when mineral deposits are located close to the Earth's surface, making it a more accessible and cost-effective option. It involves removing layers of soil and rock to expose the minerals, with methods such as open-pit mining, strip mining, and mountaintop removal. While surface mining is generally safer for workers, it can cause significant environmental damage, including deforestation and soil erosion. 17. What does the reclamation act say? The Reclamation Act of 1902, also known as the National Reclamation Act, authorized the federal government to fund irrigation projects in arid and semi-arid regions of the western United States. It aimed to support agricultural development by constructing dams, canals, and reservoirs to provide water for farming. 18. What is urbanization? Urbanization is the process by which rural areas transform into urban areas, leading to the growth and expansion of cities. It occurs due to factors such as population growth, industrialization, and economic development, which drive people to migrate from rural regions in search of better job opportunities, education, and living conditions. Urbanization often results in increased infrastructure development, including housing, transportation, and public services, but it can also lead to challenges such as overcrowding, pollution, and strain on resources. 19. What is a heat island? A heat island is an urban or metropolitan area that experiences higher temperatures than its surrounding rural areas due to human activities and infrastructure. This phenomenon, known as the urban heat island (UHI) effect, occurs because buildings, roads, and other artificial surfaces absorb and retain heat more than natural landscapes like forests and bodies of water. Factors such as reduced vegetation, increased energy consumption, and heat-trapping materials contribute to the temperature difference 20. What are some advantages to smart city planning (transportation, building location, zoning laws, etc): Smart city planning offers numerous advantages that enhance urban living by focusing on sustainability, efficiency, and quality of life. One major benefit is the improvement of transportation systems, such as real-time traffic monitoring, smart traffic signals, and the integration of autonomous vehicles. These advancements reduce congestion, improve public transit, and lower pollution levels. Strategic building locations and the thoughtful design of mixed-use zones help reduce urban sprawl, promote walkability, and ensure convenient access to essential services. Additionally, energy-efficient technologies like smart grids and solar power reduce consumption and environmental impact. 21. Describe the differences in a rock and a mineral: Rocks and minerals are both essential components of the Earth's crust, but they differ in their composition and formation. A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a specific chemical composition and a crystalline structure. Each mineral has distinct physical properties, such as hardness, color, and luster, which help identify it. Minerals form through various geological processes, such as cooling from molten rock or precipitation from water. On the other hand, a rock is a naturally occurring solid composed of one or more minerals, mineraloids, or organic materials. Rocks do not have a fixed chemical composition and can vary greatly depending on the types and proportions of minerals that make them up. There are three main types of rocks—igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic—each formed through different processes like cooling of lava or magma, compaction of sediments, or heat and pressure altering pre-existing rocks. In summary, minerals are the building blocks of rocks, but while a mineral is a single, defined substance, a rock is a mixture of various minerals or other materials.