Cells and Their Organelles

Cells and Their Organelles The cell is the basic unit of life. The following is a glossary of plant and animal cell terms. All cells are surrounded by a cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane. The cell membrane is semipermeable, allowing some substances to pass into the cell and blocking others. It is composed of a double layer of phospholipids and embedded proteins. Color and label the cell membrane tan. Plant cells have an additional layer surrounding them called the cell wall. The cell wall is made of nonliving material called cellulose. Color and label the cell wall brown. The centrioles (also called the "microtubule organizing center") are two small bodies located near the nucleus. The centrioles are where microtubules are made. During cell division (mitosis), the centrioles divides and the two parts move to opposite sides of the dividing cell. Only animal cells have centrioles. Color and label the centrioles purple. The cytoskeleton is composed of both microfilaments that are thin supportive fibers inside the cell and microtubules that are shaped like soda straws. The cytoskeleton helps to provide transport lines like railroad tracks inside the cell as well as act as an internal skeleton to give the nucleus and cell its shape. Label the microtubules inside the nucleus. At what level of organization does life begin? What surrounds all cells? What is meant by semipermeable?All cells are surrounded by a cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane. What 2 things make up the cell membrane?The cell membrane is composed of a double layer of phospholipids and embedded proteins. The cell membrane is also called the _P_ __l_ a___ _s__ _m__ __a_ membrane. Centrioles are found inside of what type of cell? What additional layer is found around the outside of plant cells and bacteria? lant cells and bacteria? The cytoskeleton is composed of what two types of structures and what two functions do they provide for the cell?The cytoskeleton is composed of microfilaments and microtubules; they provide structural support and facilitate intracellular transport. The nucleus in the center of a cell is a spherical body containing the nucleolus that makes ribosomes. The nucleus controls many of the functions of the cell (by controlling protein synthesis). The nucleus contains the cell’s DNA. DNA is ‘relaxed into thin threadlike strands called chromatin during most of the cell’s life. When the cell is ready to divide, the chromatin coils and condenses into thicker bodies called chromosomes that are visible in the microscope. Chromatin cannot be seen in the nucleus. The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear membrane. Color and label the nucleolus dark blue, the nuclear membrane yellow, and the nucleus light blue. Materials can move from the nucleus to the cytoplasm through nuclear pores in the membrane around the nucleus. Label the nuclear pores. Cytoplasm is the jellylike material outside the cell nucleus in which the organelles are located. Color and label the cytoplasm pink. All cells, even prokaryotes contain small bodies called ribosomes. Label the ribosomes. Proteins are made here by a process called protein synthesis. Where is DNA found inside a cell?DNA is found inside the nucleus of a cell. What cell process is controlled by the nucleus?The nucleus controls protein synthesis. DNA coils tightly during division and assembles into visible _C_ __h_ _r_o_ _m__ _o__ _s__ _o__ _o__ _m__ _e__ _s__. Where are organelles located? Organelles are located in the cytoplasm. Where are proteins made in a cell? Proteins are made on ribosomes. Do all cells need ribosomes?Yes, all cells need ribosomes. The process of making proteins is called protein synthesis. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER) is a vast system of interconnected, membranous, infolded and convoluted sacks that are located in the cell's cytoplasm. The ER is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane. Rough ER is covered with ribosomes that give it a rough appearance. Color and label the rough ER violet. Rough ER transports materials through the cell and modifies proteins made on the ribosomes to be sent to the Golgi or inserted into the cell membrane. The Golgi apparatus or Golgi complex is a flattened, layered, sac-like organelle that looks like a stack of pancakes. The Golgi body modifies, packages, and ships proteins and carbohydrates into membrane-bound vesicles for "export" from the cell, similar to the UPS or Fed-Ex. Color and label the Golgi export vesicles red. Smooth ER does NOT have ribosomes on its surface. It makes lipids that will become membranes. It also controls the Calcium level in muscles and detoxifies poisons, alcohol, and drugs. Color and label the smooth ER light green. How does rough ER differ from smooth ER? Rough ER is connected to the _nuclear____________ membrane and to ___smooth_______ER. Proteins made by rough ER travel to the Golgi in sacks called __vesicles___________ . Golgi _modifies___________, __________ and __packages___ship______ proteins for export out of the cell. Give 3 jobs for smooth ER. lipid synthesis, calcium regulation in muscles detoxification of poisons, alcohol, and drugs. Chloroplasts are elongated or disc-shaped organelles containing chlorophyll that trap sunlight for energy. Photosynthesis (in which energy from sunlight is converted into chemical energy - food) takes place in the chloroplasts. Only plant cells, not animal cells, can make their own food. Color and label the chloroplasts dark green. Cells also contain fluidfilled sacs called vacuoles. The vacuole fills with food being digested and waste material that is on its way out of the cell. In plant cells, a large central vacuole takes up most of the space in the cell. The central vacuole is a large water store inside plant cells. Color and label the vacuoles purple. Mitochondria are spherical to rod-shaped organelles with a double membrane. The inner membrane is infolded many times, forming a series of projections called cristae. The mitochondrion converts the energy stored in glucose into ATP (adenosine triphosphate) for the cell. Color and label the mitochondria orange. Both plant and animal cells have double membranes and their own DNA. Animal cells also contain spherical organelles called lysosomes that contain digestive enzymes. Nutrients are digested by the cell here, as well as, old cell organelles that are going to be recycled. Color and label the lysosomes tan. What process takes place inside chloroplasts?Photosynthesis takes place inside chloroplasts What is the energy for this process? using sunlight as the energy source What pigment traps the energy?Chlorophyll is the pigment that traps the energy. Chloroplasts are found in what type of cell(s)?Chloroplasts are found in plant cells Both chloroplasts and mitochondria are like in that they both have _____double ____________ membranes and their own __DNA_____. Food, water, and wastes are stored inside __ Vacuole____________. Conversion of food energy (glucose) to cellular energy,_ATP_______ , takes place inside _mitochondria____________ . What types of cells contain these?found in both plant and animal cells. The largest organelle in plants is the __ central vacuole__________ _____________. What organelle breaks down and recycles worn out cells? What types of cells contain these? Lysosomes break down and recycle worn-out cells, found in animal cells. Figure 1 - Animal Cell Figure 2 – Plant Cell Complete the following table: | | Cell membrane | Both | Regulates entry and exit of substances in the cell. | | Cell wall | Plant | Provides structure and protection. | | Cytoplasm | Both | Jelly-like fluid that holds organelles. | | Vacuole | Both (large in plants) | Storage of nutrients, waste products, and more. | | Ribosome | Both | Protein synthesis. | | Golgi | Both | Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion.| | Rough ER | Both | Protein synthesis and transport. | | Smooth ER | Both | Lipid synthesis and detoxification. | | Central Vacuole | Plant | Large storage, maintains cell pressure. | | Chloroplast | Plant | Photosynthesis. | | Mitochondria | Both | ATP production, energy conversion. | | Nucleus | Both | Contains genetic material, controls cell activities. | | Nucleolus | Both | Ribosome production. | | Nuclear membrane| Both | Protects nucleus, regulates material passage. | | Centrioles | Animal | Involved in cell division. | | Lysosomes | Animal | Digests and recycles cellular waste. | | Cytoskeleton | Both | Maintains cell shape and supports movement. | | Nuclear pores | Both | Regulates transport between nucleus and cytoplasm. |