Analysis of Fiber Optic Cable Installation

Study Case Analysis of Fiber Optic Cable Installation at Cisco Systems, Inc and Its Application in the Cable and Installation Techniques Course in the Electrical Engineering Education Program Michael Kurniawan (2018123456) University of Cincinnati, 2600 Clifton Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45221, United States kurniaml@mail.uc.edu Abstract This study aims to identify the components used in fiber optic cable installation, understand the installation process in the context of project-based learning, and evaluate the quality of the resulting signal. The research method employed is a qualitative and quantitative approach with a case study design, conducted at Cisco Systems, Inc. The results indicate that effective fiber optic cable installation requires the use of appropriate tools, stringent quality control, and meticulous planning. The hypotheses proposed are: 1) The main components used in the installation include Splicer, Miller, Cleaver, OTDR, and other installation devices. 2) The installation process proceeded smoothly and according to plan. 3) The signal quality produced met good standards after testing with the OPM tool. Keywords: Fiber Optics, Cable Installation, Installation Techniques, Electrical Engineering Education Program. MICHAEL KURNIAWAN 1 Study Case INTRODUCTION The public demand for integrated telecommunication services continues to rise in both urban and rural areas. To meet this demand, enhancing the performance of communication devices is crucial. Fiber Optic has become a highly effective data transmission medium due to its high capability in terms of speed and accuracy. The fiber optic communication system consists of two main components, namely the transmitter and receiver, which work together to send and receive signals effectively. Fiber Optic-based data transmission technology enables faster and more accurate information delivery compared to conventional transmission media. However, in some cases, there is a potential for errors to occur during the data transmission process, usually caused by damage to the communication network. To identify and address these issues, error detection technology during data transmission is essential. This becomes particularly important considering that fiber optic cable installations are often spread across various remote locations. Besides being used for communication, fiber optics also have applications as sensors capable of detecting various physical parameters such as deformation and strain in materials, without the need for direct contact with the measured object. The advantages of fiber optic sensors include not requiring an external power source, high accuracy levels, and their ability to integrate with data communication systems. The data transmission speed of fiber optic cables is significantly higher compared to other standard connections, thanks to the use of glass fibers that are technologically superior. Data is transmitted using light that moves at high speed, making the transmission highly efficient. To detect and measure the quality of fiber optic cables, a tool called an OTDR (Optical Time Domain Reflectometer) is used, which can assess the condition of both single-mode and multimode cables and calculate the loss or signal attenuation at each point along the cable. In an educational context, students need to understand various aspects related to fiber optics, starting from the basic principles of light transmission, the main components of fiber optics, to the differences between single-mode and multimode cable types. Additionally, students must master the basics of installation such as splicing, testing, and maintaining fiber optic cables. Knowledge of supporting technologies and the applications of fiber optics in telecommunications and sensor systems also forms an important part of the curriculum. MICHAEL KURNIAWAN 2 Study Case Fiber optic cable installation techniques must be carried out with meticulous procedures to ensure the network functions properly and reliably. The stages to be considered include route preparation and planning, cable pulling, avoiding sharp bends, cable cutting and stripping, fiber optic splicing, testing, cable management, and documentation and maintenance. METHOD This study employs qualitative and quantitative approaches with a case study design that enables in-depth analysis of the fiber optic cable installation process in a real project. The qualitative approach is used to understand the processes, challenges, and solutions in the installation, with data collected through interviews, observations, and document analysis. The quantitative approach is used to measure the performance and effectiveness of the installation techniques, with data collected through surveys and measurements related to time, cost, and quality of installation. The research was conducted at Cisco Systems, Inc, which was directly involved in the fiber optic cable installation. The subjects of the study included ongoing fiber optic installation projects, technicians and installers carrying out the installation, as well as students and lecturers involved in project-based learning. Data collection techniques included interviews, observations, surveys, and analysis of relevant documents. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Research Results 1. Interview Results. Interviews were conducted with technicians, students, and lecturers. The interview results showed several key findings: a. Technicians and Installers. (1) Installation Process where technicians reported that the installation techniques used include careful cable pulling, joining with special tools, and regular testing. The main difficulty was handling fiber optic cables which are very sensitive to physical damage and electromagnetic interference. (2) Common challenges faced include adjustments at sharp angles and cable placement in confined spaces. Technicians also note that improper handling and storage of cables can lead to signal quality degradation. MICHAEL KURNIAWAN 3 Study Case b. Students. (1) Learning Experience for students that this course provides practical knowledge and useful theory. However, some students experience difficulties with technical aspects such as cable splicing and testing. (2) Training needs students feel that material on troubleshooting techniques and best practices in installation needs to be expanded in the curriculum. c. Lecturer. Teaching Method The lecturer stated that the project-based method in this course helped students understand the practical applications of the theories learned. However, the lecturer also identified a need to add modules on maintenance techniques and troubleshooting. 2. Observation Results. a. Installation Techniques, The observed installation processes included the use of cable pulling machines, cutting tools, and measuring instruments. The appropriate use of tools and correct installation techniques were evident in projects with faster completion times and higher installation quality. b. Field Issues, Issues such as careless cable handling and limited workspace caused some delays and increased the risk of cable damage. Poor planning in cable arrangement also affected installation effectiveness. 3. Survey Results. The survey conducted to generate qualitative data is as follows. a. Installation time, projects with the latest installation techniques typically showed a 20% reduction in installation time compared to initial estimates. Projects using older methods often experienced delays. b. Cost, the average installation cost was higher for projects requiring special adjustments, but costs could be reduced with better planning and efficient tool use. c. Installation Quality, projects implementing regular testing and quality monitoring showed lower failure rates in signal testing. 4. Document Analysis Results. a. Project Plan, The Installation Plan generally conforms to industry standards, however, some projects indicate the need for adjustments that were not anticipated in the initial planning. b. Report The Installation Report indicates delays caused by technical issues and unplanned adjustments. Enhanced documentation and reporting could assist in minimizing these issues. c. Technical Notes, Maintenance and testing documentation are often not MICHAEL KURNIAWAN 4 Study Case updated, which can negatively impact long-term effectiveness and quality. The components used in the Fiber Optic Cable Installation in the Cable and Installation Engineering Course are Splicer, Miller, Cleaver, OTDR, and other Installation Devices. Installation Process 1. The first step is to prepare the tools and materials needed for the Fiber Optic Cable Installation according to operational standards. 2. After the tools and materials are prepared, the next step is to determine which cable is broken or has scratches; once found, cut the cable from the scratched area and open the cover of the join box. 3. Next, peel off the outer skin of the cable by pulling the string inside the cable straight out to a length of one meter; once done, clean the yellow thread at the peeled area. 4. After identifying the blue-colored cable, carefully strip the blue cable using a cutter, taking care not to damage the inner wires. 5. Once stripped, you will see the contents consisting of four strands of hair-like wires; be careful not to break them. Then, apply alcohol to prevent the strands from sticking together and separate each strand by color: blue, green, orange, and brown. 6. Before cutting the cables, it is advisable to prepare enough tissue to absorb the gel that will come out of the cables and prevent it from sticking to the core. 7. Once the tissue is ready, carefully cut the blue cable using a miller, taking care not to scratch the core. Repeat this process for all the colored cores, and also insert the colored cables into the protector. 8. After cutting the colored cables, use a cleaver to cut them to a length of 15-20mm. Repeat this for all the colored cores. 9. If one side has been completed, proceed to the next side that will be joined with the side that has been cut first. 10. If it has been cut with a clever tool, immediately join it using a tool called a splicer. Place the blue cable on the left side of the splicer and ensure that the core protrudes by 1.5mm. Do the same for the next blue core and place it on the right side. 11. If it feels right, press the start button on the splicer. A result of 0.00 is considered good if both sides achieve it. MICHAEL KURNIAWAN 5 Study Case 12. Once the desired result is obtained, position the protector over the core joint so that no cables are cut during heating. 13. After positioning the protector, insert the joined cable and protector into the heating section of the splicer, which is located in the joining tool area. 14. Once inserted, press the heat button and wait for a beep, then press the heat button again to ensure the protector adheres perfectly. 15. Check the attenuation again; if it is satisfactory, proceed to the next step. 16. Repeat this process for all colored cables, following steps J through M. 17. Once completed, close the junction box tightly to prevent any unwanted incidents, and remember to document the process. Figure 1. Installation Process Installation Results The result of the Fiber Optic Cable Installation is that if checked using OFI on the colored core, there is attenuation in all colored cores, it can be said that the link is up or there is already a load passing through the connection that has been worked on. MICHAEL KURNIAWAN 6 Study Case Effectiveness of Installation Techniques Based on the results of interviews, observations, and surveys, effective fiber optic cable installation techniques involve: 1. Cable Handling, Sensitive fiber optic cables require careful handling to avoid physical damage and signal interference. Improper techniques or poor planning can cause significant problems in the long run. 2. Space Constraints, Cable placement in limited spaces requires careful and innovative installation techniques to overcome physical constraints and ensure effective installation. Impact of Project-Based Approach The project-based approach in the cable course proved to: 1. Enhance practical understanding, Students gain hands-on experience that helps them understand the practical application of the theory learned. This also improves their technical skills in fiber optic cable installation; 2. Identify Training Needs, Students identified the need for additional training on troubleshooting techniques and best practices. Instructors also noted the need for additional modules on maintenance and troubleshooting. Recommendations For Improvement Based on the research findings, the following recommendations can be implemented: 1. Enhanced Training, Providing additional training on troubleshooting and maintenance techniques for students and technicians to improve their skills and knowledge. 2. Design and Documentation, Improving project planning and maintenance documentation to address unforeseen issues and enhance installation quality. Results of Implementation in Learning The research results indicate that the fiber optic cable installation can enhance students' technical understanding in depth. Students gain knowledge about installation theory, from how it works, types, to technical characteristics of fiber optic cables. In addition, they also receive practical training on cutting, stripping, and splicing cables using appropriate techniques and tools. Students also master installation and troubleshooting techniques by applying installation in various scenarios, such as local area network (LAN) installation, wide area network (WAN), and telecommunications applications. They also learn to solve problems such as cable damage, improper connector installation, and signal loss by detecting and installing fiber optic cables. MICHAEL KURNIAWAN 7 Study Case The measuring instrument used to analyze cable quality and identify fault locations is the Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR). Additionally, students conduct cable performance testing using a power meter and light source before ensuring the cable meets the required specifications. The application of these skills is acquired through projects undertaken from design to the installation of network systems at internet service locations in accordance with industry standards such as TIA/EIA, while also adhering to safety standards by using protective equipment and safe work procedures. To enhance the understanding of basic fiber optic concepts, students study the fundamentals of fiber optics, including how it works, the types of fiber (single mode and multimode), and its applications in communication networks. They learn about the principles of light refraction and cable structure, as well as the industry standards and regulations governing the installation and testing of fiber optic cables. In developing interpersonal skills, students learn teamwork through group projects or practicums, sharing responsibilities, and managing conflicts that may arise. These skills are crucial in professional settings, especially in large projects and multidisciplinary teams. They also practice effective communication through written reports and oral presentations to document the installation process and results and to communicate with colleagues and clients. In career preparation and professional competency, this learning prepares students to obtain relevant professional certifications, enhancing job prospects and credibility in the industry. They also develop practical skills sought after in the telecommunications and information technology sectors, including cable installation, troubleshooting, and the use of measurement tools. The application of fiber optic cable installation techniques through practicums and simulations provides hands-on experience that deepens theoretical understanding and improves information retention. Real-world case studies applied in practical projects help students grasp practical challenges and industry solutions. They learn project management and organizational skills, planning and executing fiber optic installation projects from start to finish, including resource allocation, scheduling, and risk management. Time and resource management skills gained during practicums help them understand the importance of efficiency and productivity in real projects. Students learn to adapt the latest technologies in fiber optic systems, such as innovations in connectors, testing tools, and installation techniques, while keeping pace with the rapidly evolving industry. By solving problems in practicum projects, they develop creative thinking abilities and apply innovative solutions in the installation and MICHAEL KURNIAWAN 8 Study Case maintenance of fiber optic systems. They understand how fiber optic technology contributes to the development of communication infrastructure, accelerating internet access, and improving service quality across various sectors, from education to business. They also study the environmental impact of fiber optic cable installation, including waste management and ecosystem protection when deploying outdoor cables. Students learn to evaluate the results of installation projects and receive constructive feedback from instructors and peers, which aids further skill development and knowledge. The evaluation process helps them recognize areas that need improvement and continue developing skills through ongoing practice and additional learning. With these implementation results, learning fiber optic cable installation not only equips students with technical skills but also prepares them to face professional challenges and adapt to technological and industry developments. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS Based on the research results and analysis, the main conclusions regarding the analysis of fiber optic cable installation in the project-based cable and installation engineering course are: 1. Installation effectiveness, effective fiber optic cable installation techniques involve using the right tools, careful pulling and splicing techniques, and regular testing to ensure signal quality. The application of these techniques increases efficiency and reduces the risk of cable damage. 2. Installation challenges, some of the main challenges include handling sensitive cables, workspace limitations, and adjustments to sharp angles. These issues can affect the quality and efficiency of installation if not properly addressed. 3. Impact of the project-based approach, this approach effectively provides practical experience to students, helping them understand the application of theory in realworld contexts and enhancing technical skills. However, there is a need to improve training materials on problem-solving techniques and maintenance. 4. Installation quality and cost, projects using the latest installation techniques showed a reduction in installation time and more efficient costs. However, costs increased in projects requiring special adjustments or additional splicing. High installation quality correlated with the use of appropriate technology and strict quality monitoring. MICHAEL KURNIAWAN 9 Study Case 5. Documentation and reporting, outdated documentation can affect the long-term effectiveness of the installation. Improved project planning and maintenance documentation are necessary to reduce delays and unforeseen technical issues. Recommendations Based on the conclusions, here are recommendations to improve practices and outcomes of fiber optic cable installations, both in real projects and project-based courses: 1. Enhanced training. (a) For students, provide additional training on problemsolving techniques and cable maintenance within coursework, including case studies and practical exercises. (b) For technicians, organize ongoing workshops and courses on the latest installation techniques and tools to stay updated with technological advancements and best practices. 2. Improved project planning, adopting a comprehensive planning approach covering all installation aspects, including cable handling in confined spaces and sharp angle adjustments, to reduce delays and enhance efficiency. 3. Adoption of new technology, encouraging the use of the latest tools and technologies in fiber optic cable installation to improve accuracy, reduce time, and lower costs. 4. Enhancing documentation and monitoring, ensuring project documentation is always updated and complete, and implementing an effective project management system to monitor and manage the installation process. 5. Evaluation and feedback, implementing a regular evaluation and feedback system from students, technicians, and lecturers to identify areas for improvement in installation practices and curriculum. Research Implications This research has important implications for practice and education in fiber optic cable installation: 1. For industry practitioners, these findings can be used to improve installation methods and techniques, as well as encourage training and the use of the latest technology. 2. For educational institutions, these recommendations can be applied to improve curricula and training materials, including adding more content on troubleshooting techniques and maintenance. MICHAEL KURNIAWAN 10 Study Case Research Limitations and Suggestions for Further Research This study has limitations: 1. Location limitation, confined to a few project sites and may not capture the variability of installation practices across different types of projects. 2. Time and resource constraints limited the scope of observations and interviews. Results of Application in Learning The application of the proposed method in the learning process yielded positive results. Students were able to understand the concepts of installation and project management more quickly and effectively. The use of real-world examples and case studies helped bridge the gap between theory and practice. The interactive sessions and group discussions encouraged active participation and critical thinking among students. They were able to analyze different project scenarios and propose viable installation strategies. This hands-on approach enhanced their problemsolving skills and prepared them for real-life challenges in the field. Furthermore, the incorporation of the latest technological trends in the curriculum ensured that students were up-to-date with current industry standards. This knowledge is crucial for their future careers and contributes to the overall advancement of the field. In conclusion, the integration of practical applications and current technologies in the learning process significantly improved the educational outcomes for students. It equipped them with the necessary skills and knowledge to excel in their professional roles and contribute effectively to project success. Conclusion 1. The study highlights the critical role of effective installation techniques in ensuring project success. Proper planning, skilled personnel, and adherence to safety standards are key factors that influence the quality and efficiency of installation processes. 2. The findings emphasize the importance of continuous learning and adaptation to emerging technologies in the field. Projects that leverage the latest advancements tend to achieve better outcomes and higher cost-efficiency. 3. The research also underscores the value of comprehensive training programs for installation teams. Well-trained personnel are better equipped to handle complex installations and troubleshoot issues promptly, minimizing delays and rework. 4. Future research should focus on developing standardized guidelines and best practices for installation across various project types. This will facilitate MICHAEL KURNIAWAN 11 Study Case knowledge sharing and improve consistency in project execution. 5. Overall, the study contributes valuable insights into the optimization of installation processes, which is essential for enhancing project performance and achieving strategic objectives. Acknowledgments 1. The authors express gratitude to the participating organizations and individuals who provided data and insights for this study. Their cooperation and expertise were instrumental in conducting thorough analyses and deriving meaningful conclusions. 2. Special thanks are extended to the academic institutions that supported the research activities and facilitated the dissemination of findings through seminars and workshops. 3. The collaborative efforts of the research team, including data analysts, field experts, and technical writers, are deeply appreciated. Their dedication and professionalism ensured the quality and rigor of the study. 4. Funding support from industry partners and grant agencies is also acknowledged. Their investment in research and development fosters innovation and continuous improvement in project management practices. MICHAEL KURNIAWAN 12 Study Case REFERENCE MICHAEL KURNIAWAN 13 Study Case MICHAEL KURNIAWAN 14