Health & Life Sciences

Health & Life Sciences Year 2 Welcome to Life Sciences Directed study - Moniotored and usually set before each A&P Session Module Outcomes : • Apply knowledge relating to anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology to promote health and wellbeing across the life-course • Use knowledge of pharmacology to apply the principles of safe and effective optimisation and administration of medicines. • Explore how psychological factors influence health and wellbeing. • Interpret and explore sociological theory in relation to professional nursing practice. • Explore how social policy aims to address contemporary societal concerns. • Demonstrate an understanding of research methodology and how research can be used to address questions relation to people’s experiences of care Introduction to Health and Social Policy Module Outcomes: • Explore how social policy aims to address contemporary societal concerns. • Explore how psychological factors influence health and wellbeing. • Demonstrate an understanding of research methodology and how research can be used to address questions relating to peoples experiences of care. What is a ‘policy’? = Cambridge English Dictionary: “A set of ideas or a plan of what to do in particular situations that has been agreed to officially by a group of people...an organisation, a government or a political party” Policy doesn’t always change in line with the evidence (E.g. smoking only banned on underground’s in 1984 when there was evidence way before that) Considerations when making a policy : • • • What works if we want people’s behaviours to change ? Nudge theory and positive labelling e.g. 95% fat free vs 5% fat Influence of corporations - e.g tobacco and food industry NICE Guidence and KINGS FUND - Policy info etc Sociology Microsystem - Smaller things A microsystem is a setting with particular physical characteristics, resources, patterns of activities, roles, and interpersonal relations experienced by the developing person. Macrosystem - Big things (Sociological discourse) • Policy,guidence,ideology The macrosystem is a system of Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory that focuses on culture, society, and history. Macrosystem’s affect on Disabilities - Joe said : “People with a learning disability should be treated the same as someone without a learning disability. Yes, we sometimes need a little extra help, but we are the same as other people. I don’t feel different, I’m just Joe” Joe felt he had to say that because of social norms and assumptions. Society as a whole (Macrosystem) has made joe feel he needs to make a speech such as the above. Joe acknowledges that he may need extra support from legislation such as the Equality Act but also acknowledges he is the same as other people. Macrosystem (Abelism/Citizenship) What joe says relates to citizenship as he suggests that he requires support but not too much or it would impose on his citizenship. Dermaut et al. (2019) conducted semi-structured interviews with 14 participants; those with a learning disability, or those providing care to someone. •Social domination the result of dependence on others, social isolation, malignant discourse •Physical domination from bodily dependence •Psychological domination through withholding of attachment and comfort Mesosystems (Open and closed social systems) Where we restrict anything from outside environment that might affect inside environment. E.g. Nursing home (Need to close doors for safety) Microsystem’s Behaviour and social learning E.g. observing smoking may lead to modelling behaviour or if he witnessed negative outcomes such as family members dying due to smoking he may be a posed to ideology. Bobo Doll experiment represents a social learning experiment Malignant Social Psychology - Social interaction’s change due to change in others social behaviour and social structures change. E.g. Adult with Alzheimer’s stops going to shops as others make comments about her gaps in memory. Malignant alienation and increased suicide risk Whilst on a ward you observe staff becoming increasingly evasive of working with a challenging patient who has some emotionally unstable personality traits, the staff have begun verbalising some of their frustrations during handover. Individual (Personhood, ring theory) Radha Krishna LK (2014) Accounting for personhood in palliative sedation: the Ring Theory of Personhood. Medical Humanities;40:17-21. Personhood (Later life,ring theory) Radha Krishna LK (2014) Accounting for personhood in palliative sedation: the Ring Theory of Personhood. Medical Humanities;40:17-21. Essay Advice In essay don’t say stuff like “Corner stated ….” Because the reader has to place trust in them so say what sort of data they collected and where (e.g. community,ICU) etc then say that they stated Psychology Philosophy • Thinking about thoughts and ideas • Broad in its nature of “Speculative thought” or thinking about thinking; simply put in its roots are in curiosity. Physiology • The study of a living organism • The physical make up of the brain & nervous system A contemporary definition of psychology (The science of mind & behaviour) Socrates 399 BCE - Greek philosopher famous for Socratic method of questioning. In relation to health care we would use this model to support importance of open ended questioning. Not determining answers just being curious. Structuralism and psychology • • • • Considered the first school of thought in psychology The structure of conscious experience can be understood by analysing the components of thoughts and sensations Attempts to understand the mind as the scum of varying underlying parts, classifying the structures of the mind much like chemists classify the elements of nature into the periodic tables The main technique used to try ad determine the different components of consciousness is introspection. Functionalism and psychology • Formed as a school of thought in opposition to structuralism • Argued that consciousness could not be broken down into components • Views consciousness as a whole event influenced by our environment • Focuses on the purpose (or function) of human consciousness and how it leads to adaptive behaviour • James (c1880) proposed that consciousness would not exist if it did not serve some adaptive function. • Links to fight and flight • Pain could be our brain linking pain to danger through classical conditioning and then we Psychoanalytic Psychology • An approach founded by Freud (c1909) • The idea that all behaviour has a purpose • Focuses on revealing the unconscious thought processes, which guide such behaviours • A patient may explore underlying childhood experiences, which might guide certain behaviours • More recently the psychodynamic approach has sought to focus on current interpersonal problems. As opposed to the historical approach of a complete reconstruction of childhood experiences Behaviourism and psychology • Is committed to the following claims: - Psychology is the science of behaviour. - Psychology is not the Schoenberg of the inner mind, as something other or different from behaviour. • Behaviourists believe behaviour is a continuous relationships between environment and the mind. • Operant conditioning • Observational learning • Classical conditioning Humnantistic Psychology • A humanistic approach developed asa rebellion against the perceived limitations of behaviourist and psychodynamic approaches • A belief that people have free will and are not limited by their upbringing and surroundings,self actualisation (Maslow, 1968) Cognitive Psychology • Since the ancient Greeks, philosophers have mathematically inquired how humans interpret the world • The enterprise is called epistemology, from the Greek words episteme (Knowledge) and logos (Study of) = Study of knowledge • Asking how human beings interpret the world involves questions about sensations,perception,memory and thinking. • This is the realm of what psychologists call cognitive psychology Considering a case study and the HLS Case-based Assignment • Clearly identify a patient/client/service user and justify relevance of the persons health condition to your field of nursing (Adult/LD/ Child/MH) • Demonstrate understanding of psychological elements within case study •