1. Before the publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species, what was the prevailing public consensus regarding species evolution? That species were permanent and unchanging 2. Which two observations led Darwin to conclude that there is competition for survival? Overproduction of organisms and limited food resources 3. Individuals with variations that make them best suited to their environment are, on average, more likely to ________. Survive and reproduce\e 4. Natural selection acts on ________, and ________ evolve over time. individuals; populations 5. Which mutation would most likely be selected for and passed down? A mutation that shortened life span and general health, but increased total offspring per generation. 6. A wild weed that exhibits resistance to an herbicide ________. inherited the gene that made it resistant to the herbicide 7. Evolution can be best defined as ________. change in the gene pool of a population 8. Which of the following is evidence for evolution in action? The different domesticated breeds of dogs customized for our needs Bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics over time! All are evidence of evolution Mosquitoes becoming resistant to pesticides 9. What is an adaptation? A specialized feature The accumulation of favorable traits over time ! All of the above are correct The result of natural selection 10. Apples that we find in the grocery store today are much larger and sweeter than those found in the wild hundreds of years ago. Which process is responsible for this change? Artificial/Anthropogenic selection 11. If two organisms of different species share more similar DNA sequences with each other than with other species, we can conclude that ________. these two species are very closely related 12. Human embryos have a developmental stage during which they have a tail and pharyngeal pouches (those pouches develop into gills in fish). How can we explain these characteristics of human embryos? Humans share a common ancestor who had gills. 13. Which of the following are lines of evidence that support the theory of evolution by natural selection? All of the these are lines of evidence that support the theory of evolution 14. Scientists call Evolution a “theory” because: The hypothesis of evolution via natural selection has many thousands of studies supporting it, and has never been refuted. 15. What defines a population in evolution? 16. What does fitness mean when speaking in terms of evolution? Interbreeding members of the same species that share a common space How many offspring an individual produces 17. What events can lead to offspring having a unique arrangement of their parents' genes? 18. Certain traits have been lost from the gene pool of a rare fox due to a human caused forest fire, though several hundred still remain alive. This loss of diversity in a reduced population is called 19. The ancestors of Lemurs floated to Madagascar some 30-50 MYA, where they proliferated and diversified into the modern lemur species. This first group of lemurs demonstrated the: Both crossing over and independent assortment bottleneck effect founder effect 20. Which of the following are examples of macroevolution? All of these are examples of macroevolution 21. The eastern Raven and the western Raven are two bird species that look very similar to each other, but do not produce viable offspring. Would biologists consider them the same species? No, species are not determined by appearance but by their ability to interbreed naturally. 22. Which of the following most often leads to allopatric speciation? (hint: sympatric means the "same" habitat). Habitat isolation 23. Which grouping includes all of the protists? Domain Eukarya 24. Some of the "branches" of a phylogenetic tree do not extend to the end. What do these lines represent? Extinct species 25. According to this phylogenetic tree, which bear is most closely related to the American black bear? The Asiatic black bear 26. How old is our planet Earth? 4.6 billion years old 27. What do scientists believe was the original genetic material able to copy itself without assistance? RNA 28. By what means do prokaryotes typically divide Binary fission 29. If you look at unknown cells under a microscope, what could lead you to correctly conclude that they are prokaryotic cells? They lack a nucleus. 30. Prokaryotic organisms are present in how many domains? 31. 32. Which of the following statements is accurate? Prokaryote nutrition is highly diverse. Prokaryotes come in a variety of shapes. All of these are accurate statements. Prokaryotes are found virtually everywhere on Earth. Which organisms contain the smallest, least complex cell types? 33. Where do you expect to find thermophiles? Two (bacteria and archaea) Bacteria In hot environments 34. Which organisms are typically called extremophiles and flourish mostly in extreme conditions? Archaea 35. Which statement is true regarding bacteria? 36. Which of the following is a way in which bacteria help the environment? They are used to clean water in sewage treatment facilities. They break down dead organisms in the soil and recycle nutrients. ! All of these are ways in which bacteria help the environment. They remove pollutants from the environment. Which was first on the planet, prokaryotes or eukaryotes? 37. Some bacteria are pathogens and harmful to humans, whereas lots of bacteria are helpful to humans. Prokaryotes 38. "Pathogen" is ________. a name given only to bacteria that cause serious illnesses in hosts (such as humans) 39. Bacteria usually reproduce asexually via binary fission. This process generates ________. 40. Which method of bacterial DNA transfer involves a physical connection between the two bacterial cells? Genetically identical bacteria 41. What are plasmids? Small, circular DNA molecules that contain just a few genes and that can be passed on to other bacteria 42. Evaluate the following statements. Which one is most accurate? While bacteria reproduce asexually, they use many mechanisms to transfer genetic materials between each other and as such as not all genetically identical to each other. 43. How did mitochondria and chloroplasts arise in eukaryotic cells? Via endosymbiosis, where mitochondria and chloroplasts were independent prokaryotic organisms that were engulfed by a larger cell 44. Based on the endosymbiosis theory that highlights where chloroplasts come from (prokaryotic origin), how would you expect chloroplasts to divide when a plant cell divides? 45. What might be the advantage to an ancestral cell if it maintained a photosynthetic bacterium within its cytoplasm rather than digest it Via binary fission It could now use photosynthesis to make its own food. 46. All protists are eukaryotic organisms. 47. Which evolved first? True Multicellular life in the ocean 48. Although most biologists do not consider viruses to be alive, viruses do share some characteristics with living things. Which of the following is the requirement for life that viruses lack? The ability to reproduce on their own 49. What are the three parts that make up the structure of most viruses? 50. How do viruses make copies of themselves? Nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA, a capsid, and recognition spikes By using the cellular machinery of the host cell they infected