Introduction to Science Branches and Areas of Study

Key point S AT * Science is the study of phenomena and events in Nature. ~» We often apply scientific knowledge to deal v ~ problems: ' ; Branches of science Science can be divided into different branches. Each branch has its own area of study. Fig 1.2 shows some examples. Biology* Physics* « the study of living things * the study of matter, energy and force Chemistry* « the study of properties, structures and Geology* reactions of substances * the study of rock and the structure of the Earth Astronomy* « the study of the Medicine® universe Fig 1.2 Some branches of science « the study of diseases SCIENCE ~ Key point 'I“(ey point Scientific knowledge is subject to change when new evidence is found. Scientific knowledge hasm It cannot solve all problems. Scientific discoveries have increased our understanding of the natural world. The discoveries have also led to many inventions that have improved our quality of life. Using scientific knowledge, we can manage natural resources more effectively. * Scientific knowledge is applied in the development of technology. * When solving daily life problems, we often need to integrate and apply knowledge and skills of science, technology and mathematics. The applications of science bring benefits to us. However, they can be harmful if we misuse them. What scienceiis Science is the study of phenomena and events in Nature. Nature of science Science is based on evidence. Scientific knowledge is subject to change. ¢ Scientific knowledge has limitations. T Applicationand impact of science « « « + 1 3 | Scientific discoveries have increased our understanding of the natural world. The discoveries have also led to many inventions that have improved our quality of life. Using scientific knowledge, we can manage natural resources more effectively. Scientific knowledge is applied in the development of technology. When solving daily life problems, we often need to integrate and apply knowledge and skills of science, technology and mathematics. The applications of science bring benefits to us. However, they can be harmful if we misuse them. i| Basic steps of scientific investigations: Making | observations 2 | | Askinga || question Proposinga | | Doing || experiments hypothesis Drawinga conclusion In a fair test, there are three kinds of variables: Independent variable The variable that we change Dependentvariable The variable that we measure Controlled variables The variables that we keep the same There are many types of scientific investigations. Fair testing, pattern seeking and classifying are examples. | | | A laboratory is a suitable pl: Generallsafety rules E 2 Strictly follow your teacher’s instructions. 1 Keep all exits and passages clear. 2 X oo Do not enter the laboratory or do experiments without your teacher’s permission. Do not eat, drink, run or play in the laboratory. 3 Keep the laboratory clean and tidy. 3 Do not leave experimental set-ups unattended. 4 Wear safety 4 Do not pointa test tube towards anyone when heating it. spectacles when heating or mixing substances. 5 Tie up long hair and fasten school 5 Do not touch hot objects with bare hands. ties when doing experiments to prevent them from catching fire or dipping into chemicals. | 6 Wash your hands thoroughly after doing s rimusiisie experiments. 6 Do not touch electric plugs* with wet hands. 7 Reportall accidents to your teacher atonce. T R A SN T NI 1 7 Do not smell or taste any chemicals unless instructed by your teacher. ent accidents in the