Practice Quiz (Psychopathology) or Abnormal Behavior

Practice Quiz Psychopathology, or abnormal behavior, results primarily from _________________. an interaction of many factors True or False: Abnormal psychology seeks to describe, explain, predict, and modify unusual behaviors. True What is Dr. Thompson engaged in if he collects information in order to describe and draw inferences about an individual's psychological disorder? psychodiagnosis If a psychologist says that "Juan's behavior is likely due to a combination of biology and inadequate interpersonal skills," what is he doing? offering an explanation for Juans' problem Criterion for determining abnormal behavior can be extremely subjective. Which of the following behaviors would be least likely to be considered abnormal, or statistically deviant, behavior in the United States? public nudity Early psychological research proposing that mental health diagnoses would be the same from one culture to the next supported which assumption about abnormality? cultural universality The most fruitful approach to using multicultural criteria is to rely on ______________. some combination of cultural relativism and cultural universality Dr. Karlin specializes in working with clients whose emotional problems interfere with their ability to work effectively or to engage in meaningful relationships. She focuses on which criterion of abnormality? dysfunction The American Psychiatric Association has published a manual that is the most widely used classification system of psychological disorders. It is called the ________. DSM "You must understand the values and expectations of the society in which behavior occurs before you decide that abnormality exists." This quote best reflects which view of abnormality? cultural relativism What is the term psychologists use to describe the causes of abnormal behavior?etiology Models are often utilized by scientists to _____________. help conceptualize the cause of a phenomenon Which of the following would be a biological explanation of psychopathology? neurological dysfunctions An assumption of the multipath model of abnormality is that _______________. different individuals exposed to different factors may develop similar mental disorders Dr. Al-Suwaidi explains his clients' psychological problems by considering biological, psychological, social, and sociocultural explanations. He is using what the text refers to as the ____________ model. multipath The function of neural dendrites is to _______________ . receive signals from other neurons True or False: Drugs that block or facilitate neurotransmitter activity can alleviate symptoms of mental disorders. True Because Joan suffers from depression, Dr. Adler has prescribed a medication that alters sensitivity and receptivity to ______ at the receptor sites in her brain. serotonin A psychologist who supports the multicultural model would most likely say that ________________ . some cultures value family identity more than individuality As we learn more about human behavior and mental disorders, the research suggests that _______________ . biological, psychological, and cultural factors are all important A child has a disorder that involves impaired development of the brain and central nervous system, affects psychological functioning in areas of social interaction, communication skills, and includes displays of stereotyped interests and behaviors. This disorder belongs to which DSM-5 category? neurodevelopmental disorders True or False: A severe inability to focus attention is one of the behaviors described by Kanner as an essential feature of autism. False The term autistic disorder comes from the Greek autos which reflects which key characteristic of people with the disorder? profound aloneness and detachment Which disorder is characterized by the DSM-5 as qualitative impairment in social interaction and/or communication; restricted, stereotyped interests and activities; and delays or abnormal functioning in a major area before the age of 3? autism spectrum disorder Charles was diagnosed with autistic disorder. He is extremely unresponsive to adults and does not speak. He first showed these abnormalities around the age of 6. What aspect of Charles's case is unusual for autistic disorder? unusual to show abnormalities first at age 6 A child with autism spectrum disorder is observed interacting with his parents in a room full of toys. We are likely to see the child: make no eye contact with the parents while he plays Tyrel was diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder and has an IQ below 70. Despite this, he can remember the name of every all-star baseball player for the past 30 years and can tell which day of the week December 3, 1908 fell on. Tyrel's behavior illustrates: the term autistic savant Which of the following childhood disorder shows the lowest prevalence: tic disorders, attention-deficit hyperactive disorder, intellectual developmental disorder, or autism spectrum disorder? autism spectrum disorder Which neurotransmitter does research suggest is particularly important in the development of autism? serotonin LuAnne is described by her teacher as "a shy and anxious daydreamer who cannot keep on task and fails to pay attention to details. It takes LuAnne twice as long to complete worksheets as other students." If LuAnne has a neurodevelopmental disorder, it is most likely: ADHD, predominantly inattentive type Is ADHD considered a neurodevelopmental disorder, diagnosed in late adolescence, rarely associated with academic or social problems, or is more common in females than males? neurodevelopmental disorder Kendall, a popular first grader, is continuously in the principal's office. His teacher complains that he does not listen to instructions, he fails to finish his schoolwork, he fidgets and squirms in his seat, he often leaves his seat without permission, and he cannot seem to wait his turn during class activities. Whenever the principal calls Kendall's mother, she seems baffled by his behavior because Kendall does not have any problems at home, at church, shopping, or at daycare. What diagnosis is appropriate? No disorder, his behaviors only appear in one situation - school What has been shown to help children diagnosed with ADHD? giving more structure to their day Which of the following is one of the central nervous system areas to be associated with ADHD prefrontal cortex Which category of neurodevelopmental disorders is characterized by academic functioning that is substantially below that expected in terms of a person's chronological age, measured intelligence, and age appropriate education? learning disorder Helen is administering an intelligence test to children to determine if they have a learning disorder. She should be sure to: be aware of each student's linguistic and cultural background Joan scores 65 on the IQ test but does not show signs of adaptive problems. Can she be diagnosed with intellectual developmental disorder?No - she must show adaptive problems True or False: In a large majority of the cases (80%), the cause of intellectual developmental disorder is not known.True True or False: Stuttering is categorized as a DSM-5 neurodevelopmental disorder. True or False: Tourette's Disorder is a tic disorder categorized as a neurodevelopmental disorder. True The group of disorders that is characterized by severely impaired cognitive processes, personality disintegration, affective disturbances, and social withdrawal is termed _____________. Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other psychotic disorders Are the causes of schizophrenia well understood? No True Is this statement accurate: A diagnosis of schizophrenia requires a deterioration in functioning from a previous level at least some of the time within the previous six months. Yes A false belief that is firmly and consistently held, despite contradictory evidence or logic, is a ______. delusion Polly thinks that her father and mother have been replaced by two people who are simply acting as her father and mother. She believes that someone found these people, who look exactly like her parents, and made an exchange. Polly's delusion is rare and called _______________. Capgras's syndrome Tuyet-Hoa hears voices in her head. These voices often tell her that she is a bad person and does not deserve to live. Tuyet-Hoa suffers from ____. auditory hallucinations Rudolph is experiencing the most common form of hallucination found in schizophrenia. He ____. is hearing voices that no one else can hear What is likely to produce diagnostic errors based on how schizophrenia is viewed? cultural issues Which ethnic group is most likely to be over diagnosed with schizophrenia in the US? African American When Dr. Arnold says his patient displays alogia, he means that she ____. experiences a lack of meaningful speech The most commonly reported experience for individuals who have auditory hallucinations is that ______________ . they have back-and-forth conversations with the voices Are hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, or avolition considered a negative symptom of schizophrenia? avolition Jennie "receives" secret messages from Will Smith every time she watches him on television talk shows or in movies. She believes he is in love with her and is telling her that he is planning to leave his wife to be with her. Jennie is most likely suffering from which delusional disorder? erotomania Dr. Henderson is trying to decide whether a new patient should be diagnosed as suffering from schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, or brief psychotic disorder. What information would be most helpful to make the diagnosis? how long the symptoms have lasted Cassie's therapist diagnosed her with "brief psychotic disorder." We can assume that for Cassie a psychological stressor ____. is likely to be present What was considered the beginning of a new era in treating schizophrenia by most mental health professions? introduction of thorazine in 1955 Current treatment of schizophrenia typically involves ____________ . antipsychotic medication and psychosocial therapy Schizotypal Personality Disorder is NOT one of the Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders. True or False? False True or False: In Delusional Disorder, Jealous Type, the central theme of the delusion is that of an unfaithful partner. True True or False: One diagnostic criteria of Schizoaffective Disorder is "an uninterrupted period of illness, during which there is a major mood episode (major depressive or manic) concurrent with Criterion A of Schizophrenia. True Lucy feels worthless and extremely sad. She has had crying spells that do not stem from any particular event. Life seems uninteresting and colorless. Lucy's symptoms illustrate the ________ . mood symptoms of depression To decide whether a person should be diagnosed as bipolar I or bipolar II, a diagnostician should ask: "Have you ever had a previous manic episode?" Nathan has a seven-year history of mild mood swings. When he is "high," he is coherent; when he is "low," he is never suicidal or unable to function. What is the best diagnosis for Nathan? cyclothymic disorder A treatment involving the creation of routines in day-to-day life that has been effective in reducing relapse in bipolar disorder is _____________ . social rhythm therapy Professor Wong tells her class that there are four psychological domains that are used to describe depression. These domains include mood, behavioral, cognitive, and ________ . physiological Artie speaks so rapidly that people have a hard time keeping up with what he says. He also changes topics mid-sentence and, although much of what he says is understandable, his accelerated, disjointed speech, and flights of though make it difficult to follow his train of thought. Artie is exhibiting which category of bipolar symptoms? Unlike depression, in mania _____________ cognitive the mood is elevated, expansive, or irritable What is the definition of hypomania? involves poor judgment but not psychosis Romeo is grandiose in his thinking, incoherent in his speech, and so hyperactive he has hardly sat down in the past week. DeJuan is overactive and elated, starting projects but not completing them. However, he shows neither delusions nor incoherence in his speech. According to the DSM-5, ____ the first illustrates the manic state, the second the hypomanic state Nathan has a seven-year history of mild mood swings. When he is "high," he is coherent; when he is 'low," he is never suicidal or unable to function. What is the best diagnosis for Nathan? cyclothymic disorder Evidence for heritability of bipolar disorders suggests that ______________ . there is a complex genetic basis of bipolar disorders involving interactions among multiple genes A particular danger of hypomanic/manic symptoms occurring with depressive symptoms is ___________ . increased risk of dangerous behaviors Although lithium can effectively treat bipolar disorder, one problem is that ____. a. it is too expensive for most patients to afford b. in large doses, it can produce severe memory loss c. the drug interacts with the tyramine in certain foods to produce a life-threatening side effect d. it has serious side effects that can occur if blood levels of lithium are not regularly monitored it has serious side effects that can occur if blood vessels of lithium are not regularly monitored True or False: For a diagnosis of bipolar II disorder, the client must have both a manic episode and depressive episode. False True or False: With melancholic features is a specifier for bipolar disorder True Brianna has always been pessimistic. For the past three years, on most days she feels tired, guilty, and unable to concentrate. However, her eating, sleeping, and daily functioning have not been impaired. This chronic depressed state best illustrates _______________ . persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia) Taylor is diagnosed with major depressive disorder. We know from this diagnosis that he _____________ . does not alternate between depression and mania After Shauna gave birth, she sunk into a major depressive episode. She was unable to care for herself or her baby. Fortunately she did not have the energy to follow through on her thoughts of killing her baby. These symptoms suggest that Shauna is likely to have experience which depressive specifier? peripartum Greta's psychiatrist advises her to buy bright lights, which are to be turned on in the early morning hours of winter days to reduce her problem with depression. Greta's problem is likely due to ____________ . major depressive disorder, recurrent, with seasonal pattern What sociocultural factor found to be significantly associated with depression? low socioeconomic status Individuals from what culture are especially likely to present bodily complaints when they are depressed? Chinese A physician notices that twice as many female patients complain of depression as male patients. The physician's first thought is that the cause is hormonal or genetic differences in the sexes. Research has _____________ . suggested that environmental and social-cultural factors, such as genetic or hormonal differences between the sexes, to influence gender differences in depression Which controversial treatment is considered by many clinicians to be the treatment of choice for profound, life-threatening depression: ECT, CBT, SSRIs, or REBT? ECT Mrs. Watanabe is depressed. Her levels of serotonin and norepinephrine are quite low. What processes might account for this? reuptake of various neurotransmitters in her brain Carmen does not want to take medication for her depression because she is concerned about putting toxins in her body. Based on research by Stathopoulou and colleagues (2006), Carmen's therapist might suggest that, in conjunction with psychotherapy, Carmen also _____________ . engage in moderate-to-high intensity exercise for 30 minutes two to four times a week Anxiety symptoms turn into an anxiety disorder when they ____. interfere with everyday functioning Which anticipatory human emotion produces bodily reactions that prepare us for fight or flight in the face of danger: anger, depression, joy, or anxiety? Anxiety disorders are _____________. anxiety fairly common More than 2/3rds of people with general anxiety disorders have go-occurring disorders such as ______________ . depression Holly describes herself this way: "I am always tense and worried. Sometimes I get so frightened, I feel as if I'll die. I get terribly embarrassed by my behavior, but I can't control it. It is often so bad that it interferes with my work." Holly is probably suffering from what type of disorder? anxiety disorder Which of the following is an anxiety disorder: obsessive compulsive disorder, selective mutism, body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding disorder? selective mutism Which area of the brain alerts the other brain structures when a treat is present? amygdala Which of the following is a cultural factor that contributes to anxiety disorders: early childhood experiences, genetic predispositions, cognitive distortions, or exposure to discrimination and prejudice? exposure to discrimination and prejudice Which neurotransmitter appears to have the greatest influence on depressive and anxiety disorders? serotonin A strong, persistent, and unwarranted fear of some specific object or situation is referred to as ___________________ . specific phobia Which disorder is equally common in women and men: phobias, panic disorder, OCD, or agoraphobia? OCD Same has persistent and distressing thoughts of germs; he cannot eat without washing his hands three times before and three times after every meal. Although his hands are raw from the washings, he is overwhelmed with anxiety if he doesn't wash this way. Sam's problems illustrate ________ . OCD Jack has been diagnosed with OCD. He has persistent thoughts that are upsetting and engages in ritualistic actions to reduce anxiety. He feels that he has control over his thoughts and actions but chooses not to stop them. What aspect of Jack's case is unusual? it is unusual for obsessive-compulsives to feel they have control over their thoughts and actions. For days after visiting Disneyland, the words and tune for "It's a Small World" kept invading Jessica's thoughts. She could not get them out of her head. Jessica's experience would be similar to the _________ . obsessions seen in obsessive-compulsive disorder As Sheldon learns about OCD, he is likely to learn that __________ it may be under-diagnosed Since her divorce, Angel has been worried that her intrusive, unacceptable thoughts are a sign of OCD. They did not begin until after her husband left, and she has been able to live her life the same as before they began. She is often able to dismiss them, but she then experiences them again, especially when she thinks about her divorce based on research and Angel's situation, what would you like to tell her? such thoughts are common especially in times of stress This statement is what type of characteristic of individuals with OCD: "I have to be absolutely certain that I turned off the computer."? cognitive Cognitive-behaviorists would say that people diagnosed with OCD repeat behaviors in order to _____________ . reduce anxiety What is a symptom of OCD? attempts are made to suppress thoughts or behaviors Before Hannah can leave the house, she must turn all four gas burners on her stove on and off 24 times, each in sequence. She performs this ritual because she does not trust her memory and fears she can't be sure the burners are actually off unless she does this. Hannah is demonstrating which cognitive characteristic of OCD? disconfirmatory bias VJ suffers from OCD. According to the biological perspective, he is likely to show __________ . increased metabolic activity in the frontal lobe of the left hemisphere Drugs that most successfully treat OCD raise the level of which neurotransmitter in the brain? serotonin Judy is in therapy for her compulsive hand washing. Her therapist conjures up several images of filthy clothes and digging in dirt. Judy gets the feeling of being "contaminated" but is not allowed to resort to the usual ritual of hand washing. The therapy is called _____________ . exposure with response prevention When her boyfriend asks her about today's therapy session, Jamie responds, "It wasn't very fun. My therapist had me sit right next to her trash can, which was brimming full of garbage and half-eaten food. I could almost see the germs jumping right out at me. Now she wants me to touch something I think is contaminated at least once a day every day this week." Jamie is probably suffering from ______________ and is being treated using ______________ . a specific phobia; exposure How do cultural dimension affect the expression of OCD? ethnic minorities have been underrepresented in OCD research and symptoms may not be picked up by the current diagnostic system What do neuroimaging techniques show when comparing the effects of medication on OCD with the effects of psychotherapy?psychotherapies produce neurobiological changes similar to those seen with medications Which of the following do not belong with the others: OCD, hoarding disorder, trichotillomania, schizophrenia.schizophrenia True or False: the essential feature of trichotillomania is the recurrent pulling out of one's own hair? True True or False: The essential feature of hoarding disorder is persistent difficulties discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value. True True or False: a person diagnosed with excoriation disorder always picks skin from the same place on the body. False A stressor is _________ . an external event or situation that places a physical or psychological demand on a person What is the difference between a stressor and stress? a stressor is an external event and stress is an internal reaction to such events Dale seemed to be okay when he returned from duty in Afghanistan in June 2009, despite witnessing his two best friends being killed when their tank exploded. Six months after his return, though, he began having nightmares and flashbacks about his experiences and became constantly vigilant. He would jump at even the slightest noise. Finally, his wife insisted that Dale see a therapist. The most likely diagnosis is ____________ . post-traumatic stress disorder Ramon saw a therapist because he was reliving a traumatic experience and trying to avoid reminders of it for two weeks. The onset of his problem occurred three weeks after he was brutally assaulted and robbed. The therapist would most likely diagnose Ramon with which disorder? acute stress disorder Drazen was in Bosnia during the civil war there. He has daytime flashbacks of the bombing and is emotionally numb, withdrawing from friends and family. Although he is much calmer than he was before the war, symptoms have lasted for several months. What about Drazen's case is unusual for a person with PTSD? it is unusual for people with PTSD to become calm Gina was driving on a bridge when it collapsed over a river. Although she was not physically injured, she had to wait in her car for three hours before she was helped off the bridge. Which hormone is most likely to have been released to help her body deal with this dangerous and frightening situation? cortisol What is now known as PTSD was called ___________ in WWI? shell shock Both Kurt and Magda survived airplane crashes. Both experience intrusive memories of the event as well as extreme anxiety and dissociative episodes. In what situation might one be diagnosed with acute stress disorder and the other with PTSD? when one has had symptoms for more than 30 days and the other has not What is the relationship between stress and health?stress reactions decrease the immune system's efficiency and thereby increase vulnerability to disease Children and adolescents with PTSD experience recurrent, distressing memories of shocking experiences and traumas that include threat of, direct, or indirect experience with _________________ . death, serious injury, or sexual violation Research by Delahunty (2007) found that following the experience of an overwhelming and traumatic stimulus, _________________ . most individuals who have experienced trauma show a marked decrease in symptoms with time Lifetime prevalence of PTSD is highest among _____________. African Americans What did Cortina and Kubiak (2006) find in their research? women are more likely than men to experience stress because women are more likely to be exposed to violent interpersonal situations What epigenetic factors could be involve din the development of PTSD? childhood trauma may produce changes in biologic processes of the serotonin transporter gene Mitchell, a Vietnam veteran, spends his therapy sessions describing the horrors of combat. His therapist has him recall all the details, focusing on the horrific events for extended periods of time. Mitchell's therapist is most likely using ____ to treat him for ____. exposure; PTSD True or False: Children diagnosed with Reactive Attachment Disorder will never be able to enter into and sustain meaningful relationships with others. False True or False: The essential feature of ASD (acute stress disorder) is the development of characteristic symptoms lasting from 3 days to 1 month following exposure to one or more traumatic events. True True or False: The presence of emotional or behavioral symptoms in response to an identifiable stressor is the essential feature of Adjustment disorder. True True or False: the symptom presentation in Autism Spectrum Disorder has similarities to the symptom presentation of Reactive Attachment Disorder. True True or False: Trauma and stressor related disorders include disorders in which exposure to a traumatic or stressful even causes temporary symptoms and only minimal impairment in functioning. False