1914 to Present Cram Packet - 28% of Еxam Content

1914 to Present Cram Packet: ~28% of Exam ContentBIG IDEAS:The 20th Century was a time when the world got "smaller."Communication and transportation made it possible to connect to every part of the globe and eveninto outer space.The United States came to dominate the world during the 20th century and our culture spreadeverywhere (McWorld) Not every part of the globe felt comfortable with the Americanization ofthe world. American values can be interpreted as being based upon consumerism, greed, sex, andviolence (remember our movies and music are everywhere). Many societies viewed this as indirect violation of their traditional valuesThe United States dominated the world economically and politically. We became the richestcountry in the history of the world. In many cases our multi-national corporations used cheaplabor and cheap natural resources from the underdeveloped world to become extremely wealthy.The 20th Century has been the most violent century in history. The bloodiest official wars:DatesWarMilitary Death TollTotal EstimatedDeath Toff [Est]1911-1920Mexican Revolution2000001,000,0001914-1918World War8,500,00021,500,0001918-1921Russian CM War500.0006,800,0001927-1937Chinese Clv War400 0003,100,0001935-1936Abyssinian War (italy vs. Ethiopla)75,000710,0001936-1939Spanish CMI War200.000365,0001937-1945World War II20,000,00050,000,0001:45-1954French inco-China355,0001,300,0001945-1949Chinese Clvi War1,200,0006,194,0001950-1953Korean war1,200,000595,0001954-1962French-Algertan War160.000675,0001956-1972Sudanese Ctvl War100,000500.0001965-1973Vietnam War1,200,0001,710,0001950-1956Iran-Iras War850,0001,000,0001950-1959Afthanistan (Soviets and Afgnanis)150,0001,800,000Other atrodities Include:DateEventDeath Toil1900-1908Congo Uprisings3 million1975-1979Khmer Rouge in Camboda1 65 Tillon1914-1918Armentan Genocide1.5 million1962-1992Ethoplan CM WarsLA million1971East Patistan Massacres1.25 million1976-1992Mozamplove Civil War8 milton1994Rwanda8 milton1975-1994Angela CM War5 million1965-1967Indonestan Communists5 million1991-00Somata Chace35 million1. Questions of periodizationContinuities and breaks, causes of changes from the previous period and within this period: 1914 - World War I begins;world becomes smaller through communication and transportation; WWII; end of imperialism; domination of Americanculture; Cold War; advanced technology; space race; nationalism 2.Global EventImpact in GeneralThe World WarsReduction of European influence outside of Europe (end of imperialism)Rise of power of the U.S.HolocaustIncrease in Zionism - would affect Middle EastThe Cold WarGlobalization of diplomacy and conflictCountries were either aligned with the "east" (Soviets - Communism) orthe "west" (U.S. - capitalism)Nuclear WeaponryGlobal balance of power achieved because each country recognized theother country had nuclear weapons and they would respond - if theSoviets dropped a bomb. the U.S. would be able to send just as manybombs to the Soviet Union and we would all be dead!InternationalDiplomacy at different levelsOrganizationsGroups for different causes and issuesLeague of Nations - world peaceUnited Nations - world peaceNATO - European and American alliance against SovietsEuropean Union - economic and political unity of EuropeNAFTA - economic free trade zone in North AmericaASEAN - free trade zone in South East AsiaInternational Red Cross/Crescent - humanitarianAmnesty International - human rightsGreenpeace environmentalOrganization of African Unity (OAU)Central American Common Market - economicNonaligned Movement 110 developing nations who seek to cooperateon political, economic, and cultural issues.3. THE NATURE OF THE WAREven though the causes of World War II were rooted in unsettled business from World I, the nature of the war was fardifferent from any previous conflict in world history. Some distinct characteristics of World War II are:Worldwide participation The war was truly fought in all corners of the globe. Only elevencountries did not become directly involved in the war: Afghanistan, Greenland, Iceland, Ireland,Mongolia, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tibet, and Yemen.Technology Although airplanes and tanks had been used to some extent in World War I, theycame to dominate World War II. For example, in the Pacific, airplanes attacked from giant aircraftcarriers that allowed the United States navy to "hop" from one set of island to the next, finallyzeroing in on Japan. In Europe airplanes on both sides bombed their opponents with highexplosives and incendiaries that killed millions of people and devastated the infrastructure,particularly in large urban areas. Other technologies, such as radar and more accurate andpowerful weaponry, helped submarines and warships to target the enemy: the atom bomb wasintroduced at the end of the war.Widespread killing of civilians Whereas civilian casualties were not unique to World War II, thewar is characterized by deliberate targeting of non-military people. Because the bombings soughtto destroy the industrial infrastructure, they focused on urban areas where many people lived. Insome cases the bombs were intended to torment populations so that the enemy would surrender. Compare newExamplesTypes of AuthorityEffects of Nationalismpatterns ofUsed:nationalism;the intervarItaly: Mussolinicharismaticquality of life improves foryearsSpain: Francototalitarian statesupportersGermany: Hillerimperialism invasions ofothers, e.g. Italy invadesChina: Chiang Kai-shekEthiopia: Germany invadesJapan TojoPoland; Japan invadesBrazil: VargasManchuriasplit between Socialists andCommunistsdecolonizationExamples:Gandhi (charismatic)non-violence used to end BritishSouth Asia: Pakistan,Salt Marchrule: independence in 1947:India BangladeshNehru (rational-partition of India/PakistanAfrica: Nigeria. Ghana,legal=elections)Independence of colonies inAlgeria. Kenya Tunisia.Nkrumah (charismatic,AfricaAngolatraditional)Diem Bien Phu. French leaveMiddle East Egypt.FLN (rational-legal)Indochina but confict withIsraelMandela (charismatic,U.S.A happens in 1960sSoutheast Asia: Vietnamrational-legal)IndonesiaHo Chi Minh(charismatic, rational-legal)newGorbachev:traditional, charismaticbreak-up of Soviet Union, newnationalisms inYeltsin:then rational-legalnationsEasternPoland:when democraticnew economic and politicalEurope andCzech Republic:elections are held insystems for nations in Easternformer SovietRomania:1990sEuropeUnionNEW PATTERNS OF NATIONALISMNationalism was as important a force during the 20th century as it had been in the previous era. People under thecontrol of imperialist nations continued to strive for their own identities, and new, independent nations popped up inAfrica, the Indian subcontinent, and Southeast Asia. Nationalist movements also were a major cause of the late 20thcentury breakup of the Soviet Union, again changing the balance of world power in the post-Cold WarNATIONALISM IN AFRICABy the early 20th century Europeans had colonized most of the African continent. Christian missionaries set up schoolsthat educated a new native elite, who learned not only skills and literacy but western political ideas as well. Theycouldn't help but notice the contrast between the democratic ideals they were being taught in class and the reality ofdiscrimination that they saw around them. This observation sparked nationalist movements in many places, including:Senegal - Blaise Diagne agitated for African participation in politics and fair treatment by theFrench army,South Africa Western-educated natives founded the African National Congress in 1909 to defendthe interests of Africans.Ethiopia Italy took over Ethiopia in the years leading up to World War II, and Emperor HaileSelassie led Ethiopian troops into his capital city to reclaim his title. Ethiopians, as well as manyother people in northern Africa responded to Allied promises of liberation and helped the Alliesdefeat the Germans that had occupied the area.POST WORLD WAR II STRUGGLES IN ALGERIAWorld War II was a humiliating experience for the French. Their armies had folded under Hitler'sblitzkrieg within a few days, and they had to be liberated from German control by the other Alliedpowers. Both world wars devastated the infrastructure of France, and the weak parliamentarygovernment seemed to have little control over the economy. Despite these hardships (or perhaps becauseof them), the French were determined to hold on to Algeria and Vietnam in Southeast Asia after World[42] War II ended. French persistence set off major revolts in both areas. In 1954 war in Algeria broke outwith great brutality by both sides. In reaction to the government's inability to fight the war, the Frenchgovernment was totally restructured, with strong man Charles de Gaulle taking the reins of the country asnew president. Algeria finally gained their independence in 1962, but lingering bitterness andaliation led to a stream of French-sympathizers flooding into France from Algeria,DECOLONIZATION IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICANone of the wars for independence in sub-Saharan Africa matched the Algerian struggle in scale. One by one nativeleaders negotiated treaties with their imperialist masters, so that by the late 1960s, the African continent was composedprimarily of independent nations. Kwame Nkrumah, who in 1957 became the prime minister of Ghana, and JomoKenyatta, a leader of Kenya, started a Pan-African movement but the focus of nationalism was on independence for theindividual colonies.Independence led to many new problems for African nations. Many border disputes occurred, since colonial boundariesoften did not follow ethnic lines The borders of some countries, such as Nigeria and Zaire, encompassed severaldifferent ethnic groups that struggled with one another for control of the country. Race conflict became particularlysevere in the temperate southern part of the continent, where Europeans clashed with natives for political andeconomic power. South Africa was left with apartheid, an attempt by European minorities to keep natives insubservient, and very separate, roles in society. The African National Congress, formed in South Africa in 1912; ledbloody struggle against apartheid, which eventually led to success when Nelson Mandela became the first nativepresident of South Africa in 1994,NATIONALISM IN INDIANative elite had formed nationalist groups in India before World War I began, and the struggle against British controlIntinued until India finally won its independence in 1947. The movement was fractured from the beginning, largelybecause the diversity of people on the Indian subcontinent made a united independence movement difficult. Tensionswere particularly high between Hindus and Muslims Muslims constituted only about a quarter of the entire Indianpopulation, but they formed a majority in the northwest and in eastern BengaloDuring World War I Indians supported Britain Enthusiastically, hoping that they would be rewarded for their loyalty.However, Britain stalled on independence, and political tensions mounted. For the next twenty years, Indians and Britishclashed often and violently, and the colony threatened to descend into chaos. Mohandas K. Gandhi halted thedownward spiral, a man known to his followers as "Mahatma," the great soul." Gandhi, educated as a lawyer in Britain,had some unusual political ideas. He denounced violence and popular uprisings and preached the virtues of ahisma(nonviolence) and satyagraha (the search for truth.) He demonstrated his identification with the poor by wearing simplehomespun clothing and practicing fasting. He was also a brilliant political tactician, and he had a knack for attractingpublic attention. His most famous gesture was the Walk to the Sea. where he gathered salt as a symbol of Indianindustry, an action forbidden by the British government. Such non-violent persistence landed him in jail repeatedly, buthis leadership gave Indians the moral high-ground over the British, who eventually agreed to independence in 1947.The independence agreement was complicated because Jawaharlal Nehru, leader of the Indian National Congress, andMuhammad Ali Jinnah, the leader of the Muslim League, clashed openly. Violent riots between Hindus and Muslimsbroke out in Bengal and Bihar, so that the British negotiated with the two organizations to partition India into twostates. Most of the subcontinent remained under secular rule dominated by Hindus, but the new Muslim state ofPakistan was formed in the northwest and northeast. Independence celebrations were marred by violence betweenslims and Hindus. The partition led to massive movements of Indians from one area to the other, and a Hindu who[43] was upset because the partition meant that he had to leave his home assassinated Gandhi himself Religious conflictcontinued to plague the subcontinent for the rest of the 20th century.NATIONALIST MOVEMENTS IN SOUTHEAST ASIAstrIn Indonesia, a nationalist leader named simply Sukarno, cooperated with the Japanese during World War II with thehope of throwing off the colonial control of the Dutch. Despite the Japanese defeat in the war, independence wasnegotiated in 1949, and Sukarno became the dictator until he was removed by a military coup in 1965. The Britishgranted independence to Burma (now Myanmar) in 1948, and the United States negotiated independence with thePhilippines in 1946. As in Africa, the French provided the most resistance to decolonization in southeast Asia.Throughout the area, independence leaders were also drawn to communism, and French Indochina was no exception.The Communist leader Ho Chi Minh led his supporters against the French, capturing the colonial stronghold ofDienbienphu in 1954. Ho Chi Minh's government took over in the north, and a noncommunist nationalist governmentruled in the south, which eventually came to be heavily supported by the United States. In the 1960s and early 1970s,the United States waged an unsuccessful war with North Vietnam that eventually ended in the reunification of thecountry under communist rule in 1975NATIONALISM IN LATIN AMERICANationalism in Latin America took the form of internal conflict, since almost all the nations had achieved independenceduring the 19th century. However, most were still ruled by an authoritarian elite. During the 20th century, many nationsexperienced populist uprisings that challenged the elite and set in motion an unstable relationship between democracyand militarism. Some teetered back and forth between democratically elected leaders and military generals whoestablished power through force. Coups d'etat became common, and political legitimacy and economic viability becameserious issuesMexico - At the beginning of the century, Mexico was ruled by Porfirio Diaz, a military general whoenriched a small group of elites by allowing them to control agriculture and welcomingbusinessmen from the United States to control industry. The Revolution of 1910 began not withthe exploited poor, but with elites that Diaz did not favor, almost all of them military generals. Asearly as 1911 the revolutionary fervor had spread to peasants, who were led by regionalstrongmen, such as Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa. Despite the creation of a democratic-basedConstitution in 1917, the revolution raged on, with every President assassinated during his termof office until Lazaro Cardenas took over in 1934. Finally, the country stabilized under an umbrellapolitical party (PRI), which tightly controlled Mexican politics until the 1990s, when some signs ofdemocracy began to appear.Argentina and Brazil - These two countries have many differences in language, ethnicity, andgeographical settings, but both were controlled by elites! Early in the century, Argentina'sgovernment represented the interest of landowners that raised cattle and sheep and grew wheatfor export, and Brazil's elite was made up of coffee and caco planters and rubber exporters. Inboth countries, the gap between the rich and poor was great, with the elite spending lavishly onpalaces and personal goods However, the Great Depression hit both countries hard, andstimulated coups against the governments. Getulio Vargas took over in Brazil in 1930, andinstituted a highly authoritarian regime. Military revolts characterized Argentina, with Juan Peron,supported by Nazi interests, leading a major coup in 1943. Authoritarian rule in both countriescontinued on into the second half of the century.The Cuban Revolution and its aftermath - Revolutions against dictators were often inspired bycommunism, especially after the Cuban Revolution led by Fidel Castro in 1959. Military leaders of[44] Brazil led a conservative reaction by staging a coup of the democratically elected government in1964. There the "Brazilian Solution" was characterized by dictatorship, violent repression, andgovernment promotion of industrialization. A similar pattern occurred in Chile in 1974 where thesocialist president Salvador Allende was overthrown in a military coup led by General AugustoPinochet. Socialist Sandinistas led a rebellion against the dictator of Nicaragua in 1979, wheretheir communist affiliations led them to disfavor with the conservative United States governmentled by Ronald Reagan. The Reagan administration supported Contras (counterrevolutionaries)who unsuccessfully challenged the Sandinistas. By the 1990s, most Latin American nations hadloosened the control by the military, and democratic elections appeared to be gaining ground.However, they continued to be economically and militarily dominated by the United States.Compare impact ofEffects in CoreIndustrializedEffects in Periphery/Developingmajor global economicCountriesCountriesdevelopments:the Great Depressionbank closuresinternational trade drops off1930s-1930scapital no longer available forshortages in world marketsinvestment so no newnations become reluctant toQuestion: Whatbusinesses fewer jobsdepend on world tradeultimately ended theBy 1932, production drops 30%Great Depression?tariff barriers go upU.S. could no longer loanmoney to Europe-Europeaneconomy has more problemstechnologyautomobiles increasedDependency on manufactureddemand for oil, steel, electricalgoods from industrializedequipment radios. television,countriescomputers, biomedicalengineeringPacific RimJapanese manufacturingAs labor costs rose inovertakes West at first with carsindustrialized and newlyand then with audio equipment;industrialized countries. factoryrust belt in U.S.A.jobs get shifted to lessTaiwan, Korea, Singapore -industrialized areas.Little TigersPacific Rim model for economicChina after 1980s becomes adevelopment.textile and other lightmanufacturing goods exportermultinationalGlobalization: wealth toGlobalization: more jobs, but manycorporationscapitalists: loss of jobs to"unfair"; watching the west getcheaper labor markets"rich" off of the cheap labor theyGo ahead and nameprovidedthem think clothing.entertainment oil, carmanufacturing. etc. 5.Compare characteristics of socialEffects of social reform andreform andsocial revolution in the 20th centurysocial revolutionrise of feminismchanging gender roles and family structures inExamples:Core/industrialized Countries:suffrage movementright to vote granted in mostcountries after WW2barriers to higher education andPeriphery/Developing Countries:professional jobs lessened forwomen in the West by the 1970s:more access to educationbut glass ceiling remainedchanging property rightsthrough the 1990stension between modernization and traditionInternational Conferences onWomen: Mexico City (1969). Nairobi,Kenya, 1984, Beijing. 1994Mothers in Argentina protested thedisappearance of their children by thegovernmentstudent revolutionsuniversity students use Marxist or Socialist criticism ofExample of 1968capitalism and industrialization to protest multinationals'control of aspects of the world economy and corruptionin government, e.g. protests against racism and theVietnam conflictteenagers and young adults use popular music andculture to distinguish themselves from the previousgeneration - "baby boomers' and "generation gap*university students in Czechoslovakia in 1968 and Chinain 1979 protest repression by Communist governmentsCharacteristics of demographic andEffectsenvironmental changesmigrationsestablishment of Israel as a nation-statedivision of India and Pakistanchanges in birthrates and death ratesHIV/AIDSDemographic Transition Theorynew forms of urbanizationgrowth in non-European citiesnearly half of the world's population found incitiesdeforestationloss of tropical rainforestsrural populations dependent on internationalmarketgreen/environmental movementshave voice in many Western Europeanparliamentsnon-profit organizations in U.S.A., e.g. SierraClub. Greenpeace[46] 20th CenturySimilarities or Differenceseffects on the roles of womenRevolutions:with 19th century ideas ofcharacteristics --revolution, including MarxMarxist, anti-Western, peasant,religiousRussiaoverthrow of Czar Nicholas IIwomen faced hardship working 13and establishment ofhours a dayprovisional government led bywomen revolutionariesFill in dates for thesethe DumaMarch 1917: 7,000 women went onrevolutionsLenin's forced, urban (vanguardstrike (placed pressure onof elite group of leaders).provisional government)Manxist-inspired revolution ascollectivizationbeginning of world-widewider access to education forrevolutionwomen, including professions likeStalin's socialism and forcedmedicine and engineeringindustrializationGorbachevChinaoverthrow of Qing dynastypre-Communist:Republic of China and warlordarranged marriages. concubines,periodselling of daughtersChiang Kai-shek's fascismMay Fourth Movement:Mao Zedong's peasant andwomen revolutionariessoldier based, forced revolutionCommunist:Deng XiaopingMarriage Law gave women right tochoose husband and to divorceMale children still preferred sofemale infanticide or female babiesgiven up for adoptionCubaCastrowomen participated in revolutionwomen in government leadershippositions but some traditionalattitudes about male dominance stillpresentincreased opportunities for educationfor womenIranoverthrow of Mossadeqwomen supported the IranianAyatollah Khomenirevolution - getting rid of the Shah.loss of professional jobs for somewomen a problem; enterntainmentindustry restricted at firstsome women felt restricted byenforcement of traditional andreligious rules regarding behavior.dress, and social contactfamilies became a focal point ofconflict relating to social reform. NATIONS:&SONYSFREEMAN-PEDIAEVENTS:1ST FLIGHTATOMIC BOMBSEBOLATIANANMEN SQUAREENVIRONMENT:DEFORESTATIONDESERTIFICATIONGREEN REVOLUTIONETHNIC MOVEMENTS:QUEBECOISBIAFRAM. EAST:MANDATESTRANSNATIONAL: PAN AFRICAPAN-ARABISMCORPOR:TRADE:NAFTAEUASEANMERCOSURMETROPOLES:ETHNIC VIOLENCE:ARMENIAHOLOCAUST RWANDAI CAMBODIACUL URALDIFFUSIONREGGAESTATES AROUND THE WORLD CHALLENGED THE EXISTING POLITICAL AND SOCIAL ORDERLIFTING POWERFREEMAN-PEDIAMEXICO(1911)TURKEY (1921)U.S.S.R.(1917)R.O.CHINA (1911)CAUSE:CAUSECAUSECAUSEPOPUTREATY OFPOPULARPOPULARUPRISNGVERSAILLESUPRISINGUPRISINGLEAD ER:LEADERLEADERLEADER:FRANCISMUSTAFAVLADIMIRDR. SUNMADEROATATURKLENINYAT-SENOUTCOMEOUTCOMEOUTCOME:OUTCOMECONSTITUTIONREPUBLICSOVIET UNIONREPUBLIC IFREEMANIPEDIARUSSIANEMPIREFRENUBLICAUSTROALLIANCES:TRIPLEENTENTEOTTOMANTRIPLEALLIANCEEMPIRE(AKA CENTRAL POWERS)WWW "CAUSES1900-NOW2QINGDAO (1914)C.1900-NOWJAPAN TOOK THEGERMAN PORT OFOTTOMAN EMPIREQINGDAO WITHOTTOMANS vs. BR, ARABS,BRITISH HELP.0JAPAN SENT MOSTRUSSIANS, FRENCH, GREEKS.OF THEIR NAVY.INCLUDES THE INFAMOUSARMENIAN GENOCIDE.COVERED MORE TERRITORYTHAN ANY OTHER FIGHTINGBRITISH INDIA (1914)DESPITE GERMAN ATTEMPTS TO FUELINDEPENDENCE, INDIAN PARTICIPATIONWAS BROADLY SUPPORTED BY INDIA (INHOPES OF FURTHERING HOME RULE).140,000 SERVED IN WESTERN FRONT &700,000 SERVED IN MIDDLE EAST.GER PACIFIC ISLES (1915)JAPAN TOOK THE REST OFTOGOLAND &GERMAN POSSESSIONS IN THEKAMERUN (1914)PACIFIC (MARSHALL, MARIANAS)BR & FR TROOPSGER NEW GUINEA (1914)GERMAN SAMOA (1914)TOOK TOGOLANDAUSTRALIAN & BRITISHNZ, AUST, & FR TOOK THEWITHOUT RESISTANCEFORCES TOOK THE COLONYISLAND WITH NOBUT FOUGHT IN KAMUNTIL 1916FREEMAN-PEDIAFORCING GER SURRENDERBLOODSHED (1st IN PACIFIC) paysWWI + GREAT DEPRESSION=GOVERNMENTS TAKE A GREATERROLE IN ECONOMIC LIFEFDR'S NEW DEALUSSR 5 YEAR PLANFASCIST CORPORATE ECONOMYGOVERNMENTS WITH STRONGPOPULAR SUPPORT (BRAZ, MEX)IFREEMAN-PEDIAPFREEMAN-PEDIATUNRESOSPAMSH CANATIONS BALFOURSOVIETCHINESEEMPIREDLARATIONUNIONCIVIL WARRESISTANCEINDEPENDENCEWARWWII: CAUSESAGGRESSIVE FASCISTUNSUSTAINABLEMILITARISMSETTLEMENTNAZIS INVADE POLANDTREATY OF VERSAILLESAGGRESSIVEMILTARISMAGGRESSIVE FASCISTJAPAN INVADES CHINAMILITARISMAGGRESSIVESPANISH CIVL WARMILITARISMUSSR INVADES POLANDUNSUSTAINABLE PEACESETTLEMENT AFTER WWIAGGRESSIVE FASCISTLEAGUE OF NATIONSMILITARISM:ITALY INVADES ETHIOPIA[50] GERMANYU.S.S.R.INITALYSPAINJAPAN73ScAX-N19361937193719391895191410331930134010241940/19101022193119361936193719381939193919401941FORMMASS ATROCITIES AFTER 1900:ARMENIAN GENOCIDE 1M1918 OTTOMANS SENT APMENIARI ON DEATH MARCHESTHE HOLODOMOR3.5M1932-3 STALIN'S TERROR FAMINE ON UKURAINMANSnTHE HOLOCAUST.6M1415 NAZ MURDER OF JEW3 RONA POLES ETALRCAMBODIAN GENOCIDE .. 2M1975-0 KHVER ROUGE PURGE KILLING NO CAMBODUAKSRWANDAN GENOCIDE ⑉ 800kFREEMAN-PEDIA1954 NOTU SLAUGHTERCR TUTS MINORITY NJ MONTHS FREEMAN-PEDIATHE USSR& CHINABUTIDEOLOGICALLYTHEMTOG ETHERFORTHS*THE N.A.M. WASCONSISTENTLYADDING NEWREFLECTS MAP MEMBERS ROUGHLY THETHISN.A.M.IN 1973US ALLIESSOVIET ALLIESTHE COLD WAR1900-NOW-NON-ALIGNEDPROXYFREEMAN-PEDIACOLLDWAR:EFFECTS00NOW[52] SPREAD OFCOMMUNISMI1900-NOWNATIONS RULED BYAMOVERNMENTIT SOME POINT FROMSFREEMAN-PEDIA1920-PRESENTNATIONS WHO NEGOTIATED FOR INDEPENDENCEBRITISHSFREEMAN-PEDIAWEST AFRICA(1821-1965)BRITISH RAJ(1858-1947)FRENCH0WEST AFRICA(1848-1958)GHANA (1958)AFTER WWII, THESE STATES NEGOTIATED TO BECOME:BRITISHNIGERIA (1960)WESTAFRICAGAMBIABRITISHCRAJFRENCHWESTAFRICA NATIONS WHO FOUGHT FOR INDEPENDENCEGFREEMAN-PEDIAKENYAFROM GREAT BRITAINI(1952-1960)ALGERIA(FROM FRANCE(1954-1962)ANGOLA(FROM PORTUGALS(1961-1974)VIETNAM(FROM FRANCE)(1946-1954, '55-75)MAU MAU(FROM(1952-1960)REGIONAL, RELGIOUS, & ETHNIC MOVEMENTSCHALLENGE COLONIAL/IMPERIAL BOUNDARIESEFREEMAN-PEDIABIAFRAMUSLIMIGBO NATIONALIST MOVEMENTLEAGUETHAT SEEKS TO RECREATE THEGROUP THAT FORMEDofQUEBECOISSHORT-LIVED (1967-70) BIAFRAUNDER BRITISH RULEFRENCH-CANADIAN MOVEMENT TO SECURESTATE IN NIGERIA. THIS MOVEMENTTHAT ADVOCATEDAN INDEPENDENT STATE BASED ONHAS BEEN ACCUSED OF VIOLENCEFOR A MUSLIMQUEBEC-FRENCH-CANADIAN CULTURE.BY THE NIGERIAN GOVERNMENTMAJORITY STATEAFTER A BRIEF PERIOD OF VIOLENCE IN THEWHILE ESPOUSING NON-VIOLENCE.(PAKISTAN) THAT1960s, THIS EFFORT WAS LED PEACEFULLY,RESULTED INLAST FAILING VIA REFERENDUM IN 1995.THE 1947 PARTITIONOF INDIA. NEW MODES OF COMMUNICATION & TRANSPORTATION:TELEPHONECELLULARINTERNETAUTOMOBILEAIRPLANERADIOIN 1875, BELL SENTIN 1973 MITCHELLIN THE LATE 70s,IN 1885, KARL BENZIN 1903,THEIN 1896 MARCONITHE g MESSAGE. COOPERARPANET (USEDBUILT THE 1ST CARWRIGHT BROS.PATENTED THEOF CLEAR SPEECH.(MOTOROLA) MADETO LINK SCIENCE(MOTORWAGON)FLEW IN THE OBX,FIRST WIRELESSTELEPHONESTHE CELLRESEARCH) WASBY 1924, HENRYNORTH CAROLINATEL EGRAPHY'. 1STWERE THE YRYPHONE (4LBS).DEVELOPED TOFORD ISETTECHNOLOGYUSES WEREPEOPLE COULDINITIALLY USINGTRANSFEW INFOPRODUCING A NEWTOOK OFF IN THEMARITIME (TITANIC)BUT RADIO CAMESPEAK TO ONERADIO NETWORKSBY LATE 1980s,MODEL EVERY 241940s LEADING TOANOTHER ACROSSNOW WE USE CELLISPs EMERGEDSECONDSCOMMERCIALINTO ITS OWNDURING wwi.LONG DISTANCES.TOWERSITRANCEIVFOR PUBLIC USE.FREEMAN.PEDIAFLIGHT.INCREASED AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION:GREEN REVOLUTIONCOMMERCIAL AGRICGMCsREFERS TO THE PERIOD BETWEENWITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF THEGENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPSTHE 1930s & 1960s THAT LED TOINDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION &PLANTS THAT HAVE BEEN MODIFIEDINCREASED AGRICULTURALMECHANIZED FARM MACHINERY,USING GENETIC ENGINEERINGPRODUCTION WORLDWIDE.COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURALOFTEN, THIS IS USED TO RESISTNORMAN BORLAUG (NOBEL PEACEOUTPUT DRASTICALLY INCREASEDPESTS, REDUCE SPOILAGE, ORPRIZE WINNER 1970) IS CREDITEDFROM 1700-1980, TOTAL AREA OFIMPROVE NUTRIENTS. ROUGHLYWITH SAVING BILLIONS OF LIVESCULTIVATED LAND ON EARTH10% OF EARTH'S ARABLE LANDBY DEVELOPING HIGH-YIELDINCREASED 466% FARMS MOVEDGROWS GMCs. GMCs HAVECEREAL GRAINS, HYBRIDIZEDOUT OF THE HANDS OFREDUCED CHEMICAL PESTICIDESEEDS, SYNTHETIC FERTILIZERSINDIVIDUALS & INTO BIG BUSINESS.USE BY 37%, INCREASED CROPAND PESTICIDES.EX: IN THE US, 4 COMPANIESYIELDS BY 22%. & INCREASEDPRODUCE 81% BEEF, 50% POULTRYFARMER PROFITS BY 68%FREEMANSPEDIAHERE ARE THE DISEASES THAT YOU PROBABLY DON'THAVE THANKS TO VACCINATIONS SINCE 1900IFREEMAREPEDIAT19211937SALES YACCINE1963197719982015PNEUMONIAYMB DISEASEEBOLATIBERCULOSISTYPHUSWORKSMEASLES19261952197019812006WHOOPINGPOLIORUBELLAHEPATITIS RHPV19321954197419922015YELLOW FEVERANTHRAXCHICKEN POXHEPATITISMALARIA192319451967197819982015DIPHTHERIAINFLUENZAMUMPSMENINGITISROTAVIRUSDENGUE FEVER S1918FLUOUTBREAK (USA)PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIVIAIDSEBOLA OUTBREAKSLDARKER SHADES. HIGHERRATESALZHEIMER'S WORLDWIDEDIABETES WORLDWIDEHEART DISEASE WORLDWIDEMataria Endemic Countries 2003MALARIACHOLERATURERCULOSISTemperature change in the last 50 yearsD2011-2020 average vs 1951-1980 baseline-0.5 -0.2 +0.2 +0.5 +1.0 +2.0 +4.0 °C-0.9-0.4+0.4+0,9+1.8+3.6+7.2°F[56] NestlemdeNIRSANaumKNOWLEDGEN.A.F.T.A.MULTI-NATIONAL BRANDSECONOMIESor U.S.M.C.ANestleSWITZERLANDPRODUCTIONMAHINDRA (INDIA)ECONOMIESASEANNISSANJAPANTED NATIONS MEMBER STATESMap of the World's Manufacturing OutputManufacturingEUROPENetherlands$1028ThailandOutput 2018 ($)Share in NationalSwitzerlandSaudiOutput (%)22%$1360ASIAISOCRS129BArabiaMore than 10%PolandIreland$100652%$988151598/611$12482%-10%31478$1008Austria$77B.RUSSIE05%$204BSingapore$100Sweden$73B01%-05%Germany$806B$630IndiaBelaiumSA128$6782530SEPChinaitem$4T4598U.S.$2.3T$440Pertuint$298MexicAFRICAJapan2%SITArgontinaNORTH AMERICA1668Australia18%LATINPottoOCEANIAAMERICAVenezuelaNote: Only countries more than5%61101%Customeroutputhowmuch.net&[57]