Covalent Bonds

University:
University of Pennsylvania
Course:
CHEM 1012 | General Chemistry I
Academic year:

2021
Views:

374

Pages:

2
Author:

Prince Sampson

Name: Bonding Covalent Bonds What is a covalent bond? How do they form? Information 1- Bond Types When a metal and a non-metal bond, the result is often an ionic bond. However, predicting bond type (or character) is not always that simple. Chemists rely on experimental evidence. Chemical bond character is determined by calculating the electronegativity difference between the atoms involved in bonding. The following rough continuum is used: Electronegativity Difference (Pauling Scale) Bond Character < .4 Nonpolar covalent Between .4 and 1.5 Polar covalent Between 1.5 and 2 Covalent / ionic >2 Ionic Electron Density: Critical Analysis Questions 1. Determine the bond character of the chemical bonds present in each of the following compounds: a. NaCl b. N2 c. H2O d. MgCl2 2. In terms of electron density, what is the difference between an ionic and covalent bond? Information 2- Covalent Bonds Substances containing covalent bonds are called molecular compounds. Molecule- a neutral group of atoms joined by covalent bonds. Atoms within molecules obtain stability by sharing one or more pairs of electrons. Critical Analysis Question 1. How many pairs of electrons are shared in a diatomic fluorine molecule? Label them in the picture above. 2. How many unshared pairs are in a diatomic fluorine molecule? 3. Explain why the fluorine molecule is more stable than the individual atoms. 4. Hydrogen and nitrogen combine to form a molecular compound. Use electron dot structures to write an equation showing how the individual atoms combine to form a more stable compound. Include the orbital notation of each atom in the molecule. 5. How many shared pairs are in the molecule? How many unshared pairs are present? Information 3- Structural Formulas Structural formula- show the arrangement of atoms in a molecular compound. Shared pairs are called single covalent bonds and are shown with a dash. Unshared pairs are called lone pairs and are left as dots. A water molecule contains 2 single covalent bonds and 2 lone pairs. Critical Analysis Question 1. Write the structural formula of methane, CH4. Indicate the number of single covalent bonds and lone pairs.

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