Macroeconomics Final Exam

YOUR NAME: ______________________________________ YOUR R.I.’s NAME:________________________________________________ EXERCISE I (15 points) In Jupiter’s economy, inflation increased between 2010 and 2013 by 2 percentage points each year, velocity was constant, and production increased by 10% each year. Complete the following chart about Jupiter’s economy. Round to two decimal places as necessary. Year Production Velocity Money Price Level Inflation Supply Rate 2010 10 N/A 2011 11 2012 10 7% 2013 Solution: Fill in the Production column based on the 10% increase in production each year. Fill in the Velocity column based on constant velocity. Fill in the inflation column based on the 2 percentage point increase each year. Determine the price levels based on the inflation rate for that year. Inf2011 = (P2011-P2010)/P2010*100 0.05 = (P2011-10)/10  P2011 = 10.5 Inf 2012 = (P2012-P2011)/P2011*100  0.07 = (P2012-10.5)/10.5  P2012 = 11.24 Inf2013 = (P2013-P2012)/P2012*100  0.09 = (P2013-11.24)/11.24  P2013 = 12.25 Determine the money supply using the Quantity Equation (V = P*Y/M, so M = P*Y/V) M2010 = (P2010*Y2010)/V2010 = (10*10)/10 = 10 M2011 = (P2011*Y2011)/V2011 = (10.5*11)/10 = 11.55 M2012 = (P2012*Y2012)/V2012 = (11.24*12.1)/10 = 13.60 M2013 = (P2013*Y2013)/V2013 = (12.25*13.31)/10 = 16.30 Year Production Velocity 2010 2011 2012 2013 10 11 12.1 13.31 10 10 10 10 Money Supply 10 11.55 13.60 16.30 Price Level Inflation Rate 10 10.5 11.24 12.25 N/A 5% 7% 9% PAPER FOR YOUR USE Page 2 of 13 YOUR NAME: ______________________________________ YOUR R.I.’s NAME:________________________________________________ EXERCISE II (15 points total) Use two decimals when needed in this exercise. Country X has a population of 10 million people, of which 7 million are in the labor force. 3 million people work in construction, 2 million people work in services, and 1 million people are unemployed. a) (3 POINTS) Assuming that the fraction of unemployed construction workers with respect to total number of unemployed people is the same as the fraction of employed construction with respect to the total population; and the fraction of unemployed service workers with respect to total number of unemployed people is the same as the fraction of employed service workers with respect to the total population, how many construction workers are unemployed? How many service workers? b) (3 POINTS) Calculate the unemployment rate for construction and service workers in Country X. c) (3 POINTS) Suppose that the construction industry faces reduced demand, and is forced to lay off 2 million workers. 1.5 million of them stay in the labor force, while .5 million, discouraged by the layoffs, exit the labor force. Calculate the unemployment rate in Country X. d) (3 POINTS) Suppose now that the economy in Country X enters recession, forcing the service industry to lay off 1 million workers (in addition to the construction workers laid off before). All the laid off service workers stay in the labor force, but the 1.5 million previously laid-off construction workers that were still in the labor force, unable to find jobs, now exit. What is the unemployment rate now? Does the new unemployment rate signal an economy that is improving? e) (3 POINTS) Suppose that there is a third sector in the economy. This sector did not suffer any job gain or losses for the recession. This sector is the IT sector. How many workers are employed in this sector before and after the recession assuming that the population has not grown at all? PAPER FOR YOUR USE Answers a) The fraction of employed construction workers with respect to the total population = (3/10)*100 = 30% The fraction of employed service workers with respect to the total population = (2/10)*100 = 20% Hence 20% of 1 million = 200,000 are the unemployed service workers. And 30% of 1 million = 300,000 are the unemployed construction workers b) For service workers: there are 200,000 unemployed The labor force in the service industry is 200,000 + 2mil = 2.2 mil Unemployment rate for service workers = 200,000/2,200,000)*100 = 9.09% For construction workers there are 300,000 unemployed The labor force in the construction industry is: 300,000 + 3mil =3.3mil (300,000/3, 300,000)*100 = 9.09% c) ((1+2-.5)/(7-.5))*100 = 38.5% d) New unemployment rate. 1 mil new laid off service workers + 1 mil of the originally unemployed workers = 2mil of overall unemployed workers. The construction industry workers do not enter the count of unemployed anymore because they all exited the labor force now so: ((1+1)/(7-.5-1.5))*100 = 40% e) You know that labor force before recession = 7mil. Unemployed before recession =1mil. So total employed = 7-1 = 6mil. Page 3 of 13 YOUR NAME: ______________________________________ YOUR R.I.’s NAME:________________________________________________ PAPER FOR YOUR USE Of these 6mil., 5mil. were either in the service sector or in the construction sector and since there is only one other sector in the economy, the IT sector, it must be the case that 1mil were employed before the recession. The population has not grown and the IT sector has not lost or gained jobs hence after the recession there are still 1 mil employed workers. Page 4 of 13 YOUR NAME: ______________________________________ YOUR R.I.’s NAME:________________________________________________ EXERCISE III (10 POINTS) Use two decimals when needed in this exercise. Consider the price of the recently released Xbox One in different countries: Cost of Xbox One Nominal Exchange Rate United Kingdom £429 0.62 Australia 599 Australian Dollars 1.09 France €499 0.74 United States $499 1 Note that the exchange rates are in foreign currency per US dollar in the table above. a) (2 POINTS) Using the nominal exchange rates, find the country in which the Xbox One is the most expensive in term of US dollars. b) (2 POINTS) Calculate the cost of a US Xbox One in terms of foreign Xbox Ones for each country. c) (6 POINTS) Now you know that the Purchasing Power Parity Basket (PPP) cost 100 dollar in the US, 105 euro in France, 109 Australian dollars in Australia and 200 British Pounds in UK. For each country compute the cost of the XBox One in Australian dollars using PPP exchange rates. PAPER FOR YOUR USE Answers: a) Divide costs of Xbox One in each country by nominal exchange rate. Most Expensive is in the UK. b) Use formula e = PE/Pf United Kingdom Australia France United States Cost of XB1 in USD $691.94 $549.54 $674.32 $499 e 0.72 = (499*0.62)/429 0.91 =(499*1.09)/599 0.74 =(499*0.74)/499 1 PPP Exchange Rate with AUD 200/109 = 1.83 109/109 = 1 105/109 = 0.96 100/109 = 0.92 Cost of Xbox One using PPP =429/1.83=AUD 234,43 AUD 599 =499/0.96=AUD 519.79 =429/1.83=AUD 542.39 c) United Kingdom Australia France United States Page 5 of 13 YOUR NAME: ______________________________________ YOUR R.I.’s NAME:________________________________________________ MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. Write your answer in the answer sheet for the MC provided on the last page of the exam. The Stock Market Boom of 2015 Imagine that in 2015 the economy is initially in long-run equilibrium. Then stock prices rise more than expected and stay high for some time. 1) Refer to Stock Market Boom 2015. Which curve shifts and in which direction? a. aggregate demand shifts right b. aggregate demand shifts left c. aggregate supply shifts right d. aggregate supply shifts left. 2) Refer to Stock Market Boom 2015. In the short run what happens to the price level and real GDP? a. both the price level and real GDP rise. b. both the price level and real GDP fall. c. the price level rises and real GDP falls. d. the price level falls and real GDP rises. 3) Refer to Stock Market Boom 2015. What happens to the expected price level and what impact does this have on wage bargaining? a. The expected price level falls. Bargains are struck for higher wages. b. The expected price level falls. Bargains are struck for lower wages. c. The expected price level rises. Bargains are struck for higher wages. d. The expected price level rises. Bargains are struck for lower wages. 4) Refer to Stock Market Boom 2015. In the long run, the change in price expectations created by the stock market boom shifts a. long-run aggregate supply right. b. long-run aggregate supply left. c. short-run aggregate supply right. d. short-run aggregate supply left. 5) Refer to Stock Market Boom 2015. How is the new long-run equilibrium different from the original one? a. the price level and real GDP are higher b. the price level and real GDP are lower. c. the price level is higher and real GDP is the same. d. the price level is the same and real GDP is higher. 6) In 1998 the Russian government defaulted on its bonds. According to the open-economy macroeconomic model, this should have a. increased Russian interest rates and net exports. b. reduced Russian interest rates and net exports. c. increased Russian interest rates and reduced Russian net exports. d. reduced Russian interest rates and increased Russian net exports. 7) Which of the following could explain a decrease in the U.S. real exchange rate? Page 6 of 13 YOUR NAME: ______________________________________ YOUR R.I.’s NAME:________________________________________________ a. b. c. d. the U.S. government budget deficit rises the U.S. impose import quotas the default risk of U.S. assets rise All of the above are correct. 8) Which of the following will decrease U.S. net capital outflow? a. capital flight from the United States b. the government budget deficit increases c. the U.S. imposes import quotas d. None of the above is correct. 9) Which of the following is most likely to increase exports? a. a reduction in domestic political instability b. ending investment tax credits c. a reduction in the size of the government's budget surplus d. None of the above will increase exports. 10) On behalf of your firm, you make frequent trips to Hong Kong. You notice that you always have to pay more dollars to get enough local currency to get your nails manicured than you have to pay to get manicured in the United States. This is a. inconsistent with purchasing-power parity, but might be explained by limited opportunities for arbitrage in manicuring across international borders. b. consistent with purchasing-power parity if prices in Hong Kong are rising more rapidly than prices in the United States. c. consistent with purchasing-power parity if prices in Hong Kong are rising less rapidly than prices in the United States. d. None of the above is correct. 11) If U.S. citizens decide to purchase more foreign assets at each interest rate, the U.S. real interest rate a. increases, the real exchange rate of the dollar appreciates, and U.S. net capital outflow decreases. b. increases, the real exchange rate of the dollar depreciates, and U.S. net capital outflow increases. c. decreases, the real exchange rate of the dollar depreciates, and U.S. net capital outflow decreases. d. decreases, the real exchange rate of the dollar appreciates, and U.S. net capital outflow increases. 12) During a presidential campaign, the incumbent argues that he should be reelected because nominal GDP grew by 12 percent during his 4-year term in office. You know that population grew by 4 percent over the period and that the GDP deflator increased by 6 percent during the past 4 years. You should conclude that real GDP per person a. grew by more than 12 percent. b. grew, but by less than 12 percent. c. was unchanged. d. decreased. Page 7 of 13 YOUR NAME: ______________________________________ YOUR R.I.’s NAME:________________________________________________ Table 1 Goods Purchased Abroad Sold Abroad Bolivian Trade Flows Services $40 billion Purchased Abroad $10 billion Sold Abroad $20 billion $25 billion 13) Refer to Table 1. What are Bolivia’s exports? a. $60 billion b. $35 billion c. $10 billion d. None of the above are correct. 14) Refer to Table 1. What are Bolivia’s imports? a. $60 billion b. $35 billion c. $40 billion d. None of the above are correct. 15) Refer to Table 1. What are Bolivia’s net exports? a. $30 billion b. $5 billion c. -$5 billion d. -$25 billion 16) When inflation rises, the nominal interest rate a. rises, and people desire to hold more money. b. rises, and people desire to hold less money. c. falls, and people desire to hold more money. d. falls, and people desire to hold less money 17) Suppose one year ago the price index was 120 and Maria purchased $20,000 worth of bonds. One year later the price index is 126. Maria redeems his bonds for $22,250 and is in a 40 percent tax bracket. What is Maria’s real after-tax rate of interest to the nearest tenth of a percent? a. 4.3 percent b. 3.1 percent c. 1.8 percent d. 1.2 percent 18) Which of the following is not implied by the quantity equation? a. If velocity is stable and money is neutral, an increase in the money supply creates a proportional increase in nominal output. b. If velocity is stable and money is neutral, an increase in the money supply creates a proportional increase in the price level. c. With constant money supply and output, an increase in velocity creates an increase in the price level. d. With constant money supply and velocity, an increase in output creates a proportional increase in the price level. Page 8 of 13 YOUR NAME: ______________________________________ YOUR R.I.’s NAME:________________________________________________ 19) If the federal funds rate were above the level the Federal Reserve had targeted, the Fed could move the rate back towards its target by a. buying bonds. This buying would reduce reserves. b. buying bonds. This buying would increase reserves. c. selling bonds. This selling would reduce reserves. d. selling bonds. This selling would increase reserves. 20) In the economy of Ukzten in 2010, exports were $500, GDP was $6400, government purchases were $1500, imports were $600, and investment was $2000. What was Ukzten’s consumption in 2010? a. $1800 b. $2800 c. $3000 d. $4000 21) The city of Ann Arbor Michigan buys a police car manufactured in Germany. In the GDP accounts this transaction is included in a. in government expenditures and exports. b. government expenditures and imports. c. exports, but not government expenditures. d. imports, but not government expenditures. 22) If 2002 is the base year, then the inflation rate in 2005 equals a. b. c. d. 23) The price index was 110 in the first year, 100 in the second year, and 96 in the third year. The economy experienced a. 9.1 percent deflation between the first and second years, and 4 percent deflation between the second and third years. b. 9.1 percent deflation between the first and second years, and 4.2 percent deflation between the second and third years. c. 10 percent deflation between the first and second years, and 4 percent deflation between the second and third years. d. 10 percent deflation between the first and second years, and 4.2 percent deflation between the second and third years. 24) Sheri, a U.S. citizen, works only in Germany. The value she adds to production in Germany is included a. in both German GDP and U.S. GDP. b. in German GDP, but is not included in U.S. GDP. c. in U.S. GDP, but is not included in German GDP. d. in neither German GDP nor U.S. GDP. Page 9 of 13 YOUR NAME: ______________________________________ YOUR R.I.’s NAME:________________________________________________ 25) John buys a used car for $5,400 and spends $600 on new parts, made in the U.S., to fix the car. The end result of these two transactions is a. U.S. consumption purchases increase by $5,400 and U.S. GDP increases by $5,400. b. U.S. consumption purchases increase by $6,000 and U.S. GDP increases by $6,000. c. U.S. consumption purchases increase by $600 and U.S. GDP increases by $600. d. U.S. consumption purchases increase by $600 and U.S. GDP increases by $6,000. 26) Suppose that autoworkers are unionized in one region of the country but not in the other. If the unionized workers abolished their unions, most likely employment a. and wages of autoworkers in that region would rise. b. of automobile workers in that region would rise, but wages of automobile workers in that region would fall. c. and wages of autoworkers in that region would fall. d. of automobile workers in that region would fall but wages of automobile workers in that region would rise. 27) A firm may pay efficiency wages in an attempt to a. reduce incentives to shirk. b. reduce turnover. c. attract a well-qualified pool of applicants. d. All of the above are correct. 28) Consider five individuals with different occupations. Allen prepares taxes wants ribs Betty does dry cleaning wants computer fixed Calvin fixes computers wants bread Diedre bakes bread wants taxes prepared Eric barbecues ribs wants dry cleaning In a barter system which of the following pairs has a double coincidence of wants? a. Allen and Eric b. Diedre and Calvin c. Both A and B are correct. d. None of the above are correct. 29) The banking system currently has $10 billion of reserves, none of which are excess. People hold only deposits and no currency, and the reserve requirement is 10 percent. If the Fed raises the reserve requirement to 20 percent and at the same time buys $1 billion worth of bonds, then by how much does the money supply change? a. It falls by $45 billion. b. It falls by $52 billion. c. It falls by $55 billion. d. None of the above is correct. 30) In the fourteenth century it is estimated that deaths resulting from the bubonic plague reduced the population by about a third. Assuming diminishing returns, the decrease in population should have a. increased productivity and real GDP per person. b. increased productivity but decreased real GDP per person. c. increased real GDP per person, but decreased productivity. d. decreased productivity and real GDP per person. Page 10 of 13 YOUR NAME: ______________________________________ YOUR R.I.’s NAME:________________________________________________ 31) ABC Co. sells newly issued bonds. JLG Co. sells newly issued stocks. Which company is raising funds in financial markets? a. only ABC b. only JLG c. both ABC and JLG d. neither ABC nor JLG 32) Other things the same, if the government increases transfer payments to households, then the effect of this on the government’s budget a. will make investment rise. b. will make the rate of interest rise. c. will make public saving rise. d. All of the above are correct. 33) A government reduces its budget deficit, but at the same time people become concerned that the outlook for future government expenditures and revenues increase the chance it will default. Which of the following is correct. a. The reduced budget deficit will raise interest rates in general. The increased risk of default will raise interest rates on government bonds. b. The reduced budget deficit will raise interest rates in general. The increased risk of default will reduce interest rates on government bonds. c. The reduced budget deficit will reduce interest rates in general. The increased risk of default will raise interest rates on government bonds. d. The reduced budget deficit will reduce interest rates in general. The increased risk of default will reduce interest rates on government bonds. 34) If people decide to hold more currency relative to deposits, the money supply a. falls. The larger the reserve ratio is, the more the money supply falls. b. falls. The larger the reserve ratio is, the less the money supply falls. c. rises. The larger the reserve ratio is, the more the money supply rises. d. rises. The larger the reserve ratio is, the less the money supply rises. 35) Which of the following is not a reason that paying efficiency wages may increase a firm's profit? a. Efficiency wages increase worker health and therefore increase worker productivity. b. Efficiency wages decrease worker turnover and therefore decrease hiring and training costs. c. Efficiency wages decrease worker shirking and therefore increase worker productivity. d. Efficiency wages decrease a country's natural rate of unemployment and therefore increase its standard of living. 36) In a closed economy, if Y remained the same, but G rose, T rose by the same amount as G, and C fell but by less than the increase in T, what would happen to private saving and overall national saving? a. national saving would fall and private saving would rise b. national saving would rise and private saving would fall c. both national saving and private saving would fall d. None of the above is correct. Page 11 of 13 YOUR NAME: ______________________________________ YOUR R.I.’s NAME:________________________________________________ 37) Workland has a population of 10,000, of whom 7,000 work 8 hours a day to produce a total of 224,000 final goods. Laborland has a population of 5,000, of whom 4,000 work 12 hours a day to produce a total of 120,000 final goods. a. Workland has higher productivity and higher real GDP per person than Laborland. b. Workland has higher productivity but lower real GDP per person than Laborland. c. Workland has lower productivity but higher real GDP per person than Laborland. d. Workland has lower productivity and lower real GDP per person than Laborland. 38) Which of the following is human capital? a. a student loan b. understanding how to use a company's accounting software c. training videos for new corporate employees d. All of the above are correct. 39) The steps involved in calculating the consumer price index and the inflation rate, in order, are as follows: a. Choose a base year, update the basket, find the prices, estimate the basket’s cost, compute the index, and compute the inflation rate. b. Choose a base year, fix the basket, find the prices, compute the inflation rate, compute the basket's cost, and compute the index. c. Fix the basket, find the prices, compute the basket's cost, choose a base year and compute the index, and compute the inflation rate. d. Fix the basket, find the prices, compute the inflation rate, compute the basket’s cost, and choose a base year and compute the index. 40) In an imaginary economy, consumers buy only razors and cologne. The fixed basket consists of 6 razors and 4 bottles of cologne. A razor cost $20 in 2009 and $25 in 2010. A bottle of cologne cost $30 in 2009 and $40 in 2010. Using 2009 as the base year, which of the following statements is correct? a. For the typical consumer, the number of dollars spent on razors is equal to the number of dollars spent on cologne in each of the two years. b. The consumer price index is 310 in 2010. c. The rate of inflation is 29.17% in 2010. d. None of the above is correct. Page 12 of 13