The Project Management and Information Technology Context Pt2

31. The symbolic perspective of an organization: a. focuses on different groups’ roles and responsibilities to meet the goals and policies set by top management. b. views the organization as coalitions composed of varied individuals and interest groups. c. focuses on providing harmony between the needs of the organization and the needs of people. d. focuses on the meanings of the culture, language, traditions, and image of the organization. ANSWER: d 32. The _____ perspective on organizations assumes that organizations are coalitions composed of varied individuals and interest groups. a. political frame b. symbolic frame c. structural d. human resources frame frame ANSWER: a 33. Grey’s Infotech sells customized hardware and software solutions for businesses. The salespeople for Grey’s have a strict dress code when meeting clients. They are required to wear dark business suits, in order to convey the company’s dedication to quality. The meaning conveyed to the clients’ through the salespeople’s clothing is part of the _____ frame of the organization. a. political b. symbolic c. structura d. human resources l ANSWER: b 34. In Rizzati Corp, vice presidents in departments such as engineering, manufacturing, IT, and human resources report directly to the chief executive officer and undertake their tasks independently of each other. The staffs of these departments have specialized skills in their respective disciplines.Rizatti Corp can be said to have a _____ organizational structure. a. project b. symbolic c. matrix d. functiona l ANSWER: d 35. In a _____organizational structure, program managers, rather than functional managers or vice presidents, report to the CEO. Their staffs have a variety of skills needed to complete all required tasks within their programs. a. project b. symbolic c. matrix d. functiona l ANSWER: a 36. In a _____ organizational structure, personnel often report to both a functional manager and one or more project managers. a. project b. symbolic c. matrix d. functiona l ANSWER: c 37. Project managers have the most authority in a pure _____ organizational structure. a. functiona b. project l c. matrix d. circular ANSWER: b 38. Project managers have the least amount of authority in a pure _____ organizational structure. a. functiona b. project l c. matrix ANSWER: d. circular a 39. Which of the following is true of a matrix organizational structure? a. In a matrix organizational structure, employees are organized into departments according to their skills, and there is little interaction between employees from different departments. b. Project managers in matrix organizations have staff from only a single functional area working on their projects. c. In a strong matrix organizational structure, the project manager controls the project budget and has moderate to high authority. d. A matrix organizational structure is hierarchical, but instead of functional managers reporting to the CEO, program managers report to the CEO. ANSWER: c 40. _____ refers to a set of shared assumptions, values, and behaviors that characterize the functioning of an organization. b. Line of control a. Chain of command c. Organizational culture d. Organizational structure ANSWER: c 41. The _____ characteristic of organizational culture describes the degree to which management’s decisions take into account the effect of outcomes on people within the organization. a. member identity b. group emphasis c. people focus d. unit integration ANSWER: c 42. _____ refers to the degree to employees identify with the organization as a whole, rather than with their types of job or profession. a. Member b. People focus identity c. Group emphasis d. Unit integration ANSWER: a 43. _____refers to the degree to which departments within an organization are encouraged to coordinate with each other. a. Member b. People focus identity c. Group emphasis d. Unit integration ANSWER: d 44. In organizational culture, people focus refers to _____. a. the degree to which the organization monitors and responds to changes in the external environment b. the degree to which rules, policies, and direct supervision are used to oversee and control employee behavior c. the degree to which management’s decisions take into account the effect of outcomes on employees within the organization d. the degree to which employees are encouraged to be aggressive, innovative, and risk seeking ANSWER: c 45. In organizational culture, means-end orientation refers to _____. a. the degree to which the organization monitors and responds to changes in the external environment b. the degree to which rules, policies, and direct supervision are used to oversee and control employee behavior c. the degree to which management focuses on outcomes rather than on techniques and processes used to achieve results d. the degree to which employees are encouraged to be aggressive, innovative, and risk seeking ANSWER: c 46. _____ refers to the degree to which the organization monitors and responds to changes in the external environment. a. Means-ends b. Open-systems focus orientation c. Conflict tolerance d. Risk tolerance ANSWER: b 47. In organizational culture, control refers to _____. a. the degree to which the organization monitors and responds to changes in the external environment b. the degree to which rules, policies, and direct supervision are used to oversee employee behavior c. the degree to which management focuses on outcomes rather than on techniques and processes used to achieve results d. the degree to which employees are encouraged to be aggressive, innovative, and risk seeking ANSWER: b 48. _____ are an example of external stakeholders for an organization. b. Functional managers a. Top managers c. Employees d. Competitors ANSWER: d 49. A(n) _____ refers to a product or service, such as a technical report, a training session, a piece of hardware, or a segment of software code, produced or provided as part of a project. a. deliverable b. input c. system d. resource ANSWER: a 50. Which of the following is true of the project life cycle? a. In the early phases of a project life cycle, resource needs are usually lowest. b. In the later phases of the project life cycle, the level of uncertainty is usually the highest. c. It is much more expensive to make major changes to a project during the earlier phases than the latter phases. d. More resources are usually needed during the initial phases of a project than during the middle or final phases. ANSWER: a 51. The first two traditional project phases (concept and development) focus on planning, and are often referred to as _____. a. project feasibility b. project acquisition c. project d. project close-out implementation ANSWER: a 52. A preliminary or rough cost estimate is developed in the _____ phase of the project life cycle, and an overview of the work involved is created. a. implementatio b. acquisition n c. concept ANSWER: d. close-out c 53. In the development phase of the project life cycle: a. the project team creates more detailed project plans, a more accurate cost estimate, and a more thorough WBS. b. the project team delivers the required work, and provides performance reports to stakeholders. c. managers develop a business case, which describes the need for the project and basic underlying concepts. d. managers prepare a preliminary or rough cost estimate for the required work. ANSWER: a 54. In the _____ phase, the project team creates a definitive or very accurate cost estimate, delivers the required work, and provides performance reports to stakeholders. a. development b. implementation c. concept d. close-out ANSWER: b 55. The _____ model of a systems development life cycle assumes that requirements will remain stable after they are defined. a. spiral life cycle b. waterfall life cycle c. incremental build life d. RAD life cycle cycle ANSWER: b 56. The _____ model of a systems development life cycle provides for progressive development of operational software, with each release providing added capabilities. a. spiral life cycle b. RAD life cycle c. waterfall life d. incremental build life cycle cycle ANSWER: d 57. In the _____ model, developers use a model to generate functional requirements and physical design specifications simultaneously. a. RAD life cycle b. prototyping life cycle d. incremental build life c. spiral life cycle cycle ANSWER: b 58. The _____ model uses an approach in which developers work with an evolving prototype, using tools such as computer-aided software engineering, joint requirements planning, and joint application design to facilitate rapid prototyping and code generation. b. waterfall life a. incremental build life cycle cycle c. RAD life cycle d. spiral life cycle ANSWER: c 59. Which of the following best describes a kill point in the project life cycle? a. The period of time given to managers during the feasibility phases to decide on the cost, quality, and time constraints for the project b. A review of the status of a project at each phase of development to determine if it should be continued, redirected, or terminated c. The point of time in the project lifecycle after which it is impossible to terminate a running project d. The final submission of the project deliverables after which the project is terminated ANSWER: b