US History STAAR EOC: 11th Grade Guide

US History STAAR EOC 11th Grade 1. Gilded Age 1870s - 1890s; time period looked good on the outside, despite the corrupt politics and growing gap between the rich and poor 2. Technological (Second Industrial) Revolution based on steel, railroads, electricity, oil-based products 3. Alexander Graham Bell He was an American inventor who was responsible for developing the telephone. 4. Thomas Edison American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures. 5. Telephone 1 / 66 A device that converts sound into electrical signals that can be transmitted over distances. Invented by Alexander Graham Bell. 6. Free Enterprise System An economic system in which people are free to operate their businesses as they see fit, with little government interference. 7. Laissez-Faire No government intervention in business. 8. Corporation A business that is owned by many investors. 9. Bessemer Process A process for making steel more efficiently, patented in 1856. 2 / 66 10. Entrepreneurship Accepting the risk of starting and running a business. 11. Monopoly A market in which there are many buyers but only one seller. 12. Andrew Carnegie A business man that increased his power through by gaining control of the many different businesses that make up all phases of steel production development. 13. John Rockefeller Creator of the Standard Oil Company who made a fortune on it and joined with competing companies in trust agreements that in other words made an amazing monopoly. 14. Robber Baron a negative term for business leaders that implied they built their fortunes by stealing from the public 3 / 66 15. Captain of Indus- business leader who has a positive impact try 16. Philanthropy Giving money to help the poor 17. Political Machines Corrupt organized groups that controlled political parties in the cities. A boss leads the machine and attempts to grab more votes for his party. 18. Political Boss representative for or head of the political machine; gained votes for their parties by doing favors for people. 4 / 66 19. Immigration Coming to live permanently in a foreign country 20. Push and Pull Factors The push factor involves a force which acts to drive people away from a place and the pull factor is what draws them to a new location. 21. Nativists U.S. citizens who opposed immigration because they were suspicious of immigrants and feared losing jobs to them 22. Ethnic Ghettos immigrants lived here due to cultural similarities, especially in big cities 23. Child Labor 5 / 66 Children were viewed as laborers throughout the 19th century. Many children worked on farms, small businesses, mills and factories. 24. Labor Union An organization of workers that tries to improve working conditions, wages, and benefits for its members 25. Strikes times when workers refuse to work until owners improve conditions 26. Knights of Labor 1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed 27. 6 / 66 Haymarket Mas- Was when there was a peaceful protest at the the Haysacre market square and a bomb was thrown at the police and the police started shooting at innocent people 28. AFL (American A labor union created by Samuel Gompers that was the Federation of La- ONLY labor union that only accepted skilled workers bor) 29. Samuel Gompers He was the creator of the American Federation of Labor. He provided a stable and unified union for skilled workers 30. IWW (Industrial Workers of the World) A labor organization for unskilled workers, formed by a group of radical unionists and socialists in 1905. Sometimes called Wobblies 7 / 66 31. Manifest Destiny A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific. 32. Westward Migra- the movement of people to the western and mid-western tion states to find new opportunities (ex. jobs, land, and gold). 33. Homestead Act 1862 - provided free land in the west as long as the person would settle there and make improvements in five years 34. Transcontinental Railroad Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west 8 / 66 35. Great Plains A mostly flat and grassy region of western North America 36. Frontier a wilderness at the edge of a settled area of a country 37. Klondike Gold Rush a frenzy of gold rush immigration to and for gold prospecting, along the Klondike River near Dawson City, Yukon, Canada after gold was discovered there in the late 19th century. 38. Indian Wars 1850 to 1890; series of conflicts between the US Army / settlers and different Native American tribes 39. Reservations areas of federal land set aside for American Indians 9 / 66 40. Dawes Act 1887 law which gave all Native American males 160 acres to farm and also set up schools to make Native American children more like other Americans 41. New Immigration Immigrants from Southern and Eastern European countries and Asia arriving in the late 1800s 42. Ellis Island An immigrant receiving station that opened in 1892, where immigrants were given a medical examination and only allowed in if they were healthy 43. Boss Tweed of Tammany Hall Leader of the Tammany Hall, New York political machine 44. Tenement A building in which several families rent rooms or apartments, often with little sanitation or safety 45. Pendleton Civil Service Act Made appointments to federal jobs through a merit system based off candidates performance on an exam 10 / 66 46. Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate. 47. Progressive Era time at the turn of the 20th century in which groups sought to reform America economically, socially, and politically 48. William Jennings United States lawyer and politician (ran for President) who Bryan advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school 49. Populists third party political movement to address farmers' plight 11 / 66 50. Farm Issues Issues surrounding the production of agricultural products. The main issues were the high cost of transportation (caused railroad monopolies), low prices for farm products (caused by overproduction), and mortgaged farms in order to buy seed and supplies. 51. Social Gospel A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation. 52. Americanization cause to acquire and conform to American characteristics. For Native Americans and Immigrants 53. Assimilation A policy in which a nation forces or encourages a subject people to adopt its institutions and customs. 12 / 66 54. Jacob Riis Early 1900's muckraker who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. with his novel "How The Other Half Lives" exposed the poor conditions of the poor tenements in NYC 55. Jane Addams the founder of Hull House, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycares, and child care classes 56. Frances Willard Became leader of the WCTU. She worked to educate people about the evils of alcohol. She urged laws banning the sale of liquor. 57. Alfred T. Mahan Author who argued in 1890 that the economic future of the United States rested on new overseas markets protected by a larger navy. Wrote "The Influence of Sea Power Upon History" 13 / 66 58. Sanford B. Dole 1894 wealthy, plantation owner and politician who was named President of New Republic of Hawaii. He asked US to annex Hawaii. 59. Henry Cabot Lodge Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he was a leader in the fight against participation in the League of Nations 60. Theodore Roosevelt 26th President of the United States, 26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal 14 / 66 61. Yellow Journalism Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers 62. 1898 Spanish-American War 63. Causes of Span- Yellow journalism, imperialism, Spain brutality to the ish American Cubans, explosion of the USS Maine. War 64. Spanish American War In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence 65. Result of Spanish American War Philippines, Puerto Rico and Guam became territories of the US. US became a World Power 15 / 66 66. Open Door Poli- A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL cy nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China. 67. Imperialism A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically. 68. Panama Canal a ship canal 40 miles long across the Isthmus of Panama built by the United States (1904-1914) 69. Dollar Diplomacy Foreign Policy idea by Taft to make countries dependant on the U.S. by heavily investing in their economies 16 / 66 70. Sherman Anti-Trust Act First United States law to limit trusts and big business. Said that any trust that was purposefully restraining interstate trade was illegal. 71. Interstate Commerce Act law passed to regulate (by the government) railroad and other interstate businesses. 72. Progressive Par- Also known as the "Bull Moose Party," this political party ty was formed by Theodore Roosevelt in an attempt to advance progressive ideas and unseat President William Howard Taft in the election of 1912. 73. Initiative, Refer- Initiative: people have the right to propose a new law. endum, Recall Referendum: a law passed by the legislature can be reference to the people for approval/veto. Recall: the people can petition and vote to have an elected official removed from office. These all made elected officials more responsible and sensitive to the needs of the people, and part of the movement to make government more efficient and scientific. 17 / 66 74. Upton Sinclair muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen. 75. National Forest Service Government agency created by Theodore Roosevelt to preserve land and protect local animal species. 76. Pure Food and Drug Act the act that prohibited the manufacture, sale, or shipment of impure of falsely labeled food and drugs 77. Federal Reserve a 1913 law that set up a system of federal banks and gave Act government the power to control the money supply 78. 16th Amendment Amendment to the United States Constitution (1913) gave Congress the power to tax income. 18 / 66 79. 17th Amendment Passed in 1913, this amendment to the Constitution calls for the direct election of senators by the voters instead of their election by state legislatures. 80. 18th Amendment Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages 81. 19th Amendment Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections. 82. Susan B. Antho- Key leader of woman suffrage movement, social reformer ny who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation 19 / 66 83. Plessy vs. Fergu- Supreme court case that ruled that separate-but-equal son facilities for blacks and whites did not violate the constitution. 84. W.E.B Du Bois believed that African Americans should strive for full rights immediatly; founded the NAACP 85. Ida B.Wells African American journalist. published statistics about lynching, urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcards or shop in white owned stores 86. Causes of WWI 1. A system of alliances divide Europe into two parts 2. Nationalism was very prevalent in the countries of Europe 3. Militarism or reliance on military strength 4. Imperialism and the conquering of countries in Asia, South America, and Africa 5. The assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand by the Black Hand 20 / 66 87. 1914-1918 Date: WWI 88. US Entry in WWI -1915: Lusitania sunk by Germans (killed 125 Americans) -President Wilson sent ultimatum to Germans (you don't change your ways with subs, we're your enemies) -Germans did change, but reverted back to their ways in 1917 -Zimmerman telegram (created by Germans to provoke a war between Mexico and US to distract them) in 1917 was the trigger, then US declared war on Germany 89. Selective Service Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men Act from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft 90. Trench Warfare Fighting with trenches, mines, and barbed wire. Horrible living conditions, great slaughter, no gains, stalemate, used in WWI. 21 / 66 91. General John J. General of the American Expeditionary Force in WWI Pershing 92. Battle of Argonne Forest 1 million American soldiers fought in the final Allied offensive. Heavy German fire killed more than 100,000 Americans, but in the end, the Allies were victorious. 93. Alvin York killed 25 machine-gunners and captured 132 German soldiers when his soldiers took cover; won Congressional Medal of Freedom 94. WWI Technology airplanes, poisonous gas, tanks, machine guns, zeppelins, flamethrowers, barbed wire, submarines 95. Fourteen Points A series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I. 22 / 66 96. Treaty of Versailles the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans 97. League of Nations A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946. 98. Great Migration movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920 99. Propaganda 23 / 66 Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause. 100. Sedition Act 1918 law that made it illegal to criticize the government 101. Women in WWI Nurses, cooked meals for soldiers, work in factories, made clothes for soldiers, and made hospital supplies 102. Isolationism A national policy of avoiding involvement in world affairs 103. Red Scare A social/political movement designed to prevent a socialist/communist/radical movement in this country by finding "radicals" incarcerating them, deporting them, and subverting their activities 104. Palmer Raids 24 / 66 A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities. 105. Social Darwinism 19th century of belief that evolutionary ideas theorized by Charles Darwin could be applied to society. 106. Eugenics Emphasized that human inequalities were inherited and warned against breeding the "inferior" 107. Race Riots Migration of African Americans to Northern cities increased racial tensions, which led to violence in many cities. Conditions were no better in the South than in the North. 108. KKK 25 / 66 Stands for Ku Klux Klan and started right after the Civil War in 1866. Revived in the 1920s 109. Marcus Garvey African American leader during the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa 110. American Indian law granted immediate U.S. citizenship to all Native AmerCitizenship Act ican Indians born in the United States. 111. Roaring Twenties Nickname for the 1920s becasue of the booming economy and fast pace of life during that era 112. Return to Normalcy After World War I 1919-20s, when Harding was President, the US and Britain returned to isolationism. The US economy "boomed"; but Europe continued to struggle. It was the calm before the bigger storm hit: World War II 26 / 66 113. Henry Ford American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents. 114. Assembly Line In a factory, an arrangement where a product is moved from worker to worker, with each person performing a single task in the making of the product. 115. Glenn Curtiss Was an American aviation pioneer and founder of the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company, now part of Curtiss-Wright Corporation. 116. Consumer Credit a type of credit granted by retailers that is used by individuals or families for satisfaction of their own wants 117. Jazz A style of dance music popular in the 1920s 27 / 66 118. Harlem Renaissance A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished 119. Prohibition the period from 1920 to 1933 when the sale of alcoholic beverages was prohibited in the United States by a constitutional amendment 120. Flapper carefree young women with short, "bobbed" hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts. The flapper symbolized the new "liberated" woman of the 1920s. 121. The Great Gats- A novel depicting the picturesque idea of the self made by American man and entrepreneur who rose from obscurity. was written by F. Scott Fitzgerald. 122. Scopes Monkey 1925, the trial that pitted the teaching of Darwin's theory Trial of evolution against teaching Bible creationism 28 / 66 123. Clarence Darrow A famed criminal defense lawyer for Scopes, who supported evolution. He caused William Jennings Bryan to appear foolish when Darrow questioned Bryan about the Bible. 124. Tin Pan Alley is the name given to the collection of New York City-centered music publishers and songwriters who dominated the popular music of the United States in the late 1800's and early 1900's. 125. Charles Lindbergh completed the first non- stop solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean, traveling from New York to Paris 126. Causes of Great Higher US tariffs, Overproduction of food, buying on marDepression gin, market speculation, stock market crash, bank failures 127. Hooverville Depression shantytowns, named after the president whom many blamed for their financial distress 29 / 66 128. 1929 Great Depression begins/Stock Market Crash 129. Dust Bowl Region of the Great Plains that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages. 130. President Hard- This president promised a "return to normalcy" when he ing was elected. His administration was full of scandal and corruption, including the Teapot Dome scandal. 131. Teapot Dome Scandal during the Harding administration involving the granting of oil-drilling rights on government land in return for money 132. President Coolidge He became president after Harding died in office. He fired those involved in the scandals; increased government support of business and encouraged a continuation and expansion of Harding's policies. 30 / 66 133. President Hoover the president who was in office when the depression started. He believed that if the government got involved it would only make the depression worse. 134. Franklin Roosevelt Established the civilian conservation Corps, which employed more than 175,000 men to plant trees, make paths and roads in national parks and forests, build dams to control flooding, and perform other activities to protect natural resources. 135. New Deal A plan by President Franklin Roosevelt intended to bring economic relief, recovery, and reforms to the country after the Great Depression. 31 / 66 136. Security and Ex- serve as a govt watchdog over the nations stock markets change Commission (SEC) 137. Federal Deposit provide govt insurance for bank deposits up to a certain Insurance Cor- amount poration (FDIC) 138. Social Security Administration (SSA) A branch of the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services which provides benefits for retirement, survivors. insurance, disability, health insurance, and death. 139. Work Progress Administration (WPA) Massive work relief program funded projects ranging from construction to acting 140. Tennessee Valley A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million Authority (TVA) poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil. 32 / 66 141. Court Packing Attempt by Roosevelt to appoint one new Supreme Court justice for every sitting justice over the age of 70 who had been there for at least 10 years. Wanted to prevent justices from dismantling the new deal. Plan died in congress and made opponents of New Deal inflamed. 142. Eleanor Roosevelt FDR's wife. Traveled, spoke and wrote for new deal; reshaped First Lady's role. Also fought for civil rights 143. Hideki Tojo Invaded China in 1937. He gave his approval for the attack on Pearl Harbor 144. Benito Mussolini Fascist dictator of Italy. He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia and joined Germany in World War II. 33 / 66 145. Adolf Hitler Austrian born Dictator of Germany, invaded Rhineland, Austria and Czechoslovakia. led during WWII and instituted the final solution (holocaust) 146. Appeasement British policy that granted Hitler everything he could reasonably want (and more) in order to avoid war. 147. Lend Lease Act Law passed after the fall of Britain during WWII; allowed the U.S. to loan munitions to Allies in WWII; kept U.S. boys at home 148. Pearl Harbor 7:50-10:00 AM, December 7, 1941 - Surprise attack by the Japanese on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Pearl Harbor 149. 1939-1945 The years of World War II, which began with the German invasion of Poland and ended with the U.S. bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. 34 / 66 150. Office of War In- established by the government to promote patriotism and formation help keep Americans united behind the war effort. 151. Victory Gardens Backyard gardens; Americans were encouraged to grow their own vegetables to support the war effort 152. War Bonds Certificates sold by the United States government to pay for the war. 153. Rosie the Riviter name given to a fictitious woman who served as a patriotoc woman who helped the war effort by working in factories. 35 / 66 154. Executive Order 112,000 Japanese-Americans forced into camps causing 9066 loss of homes and businesses 155. German-Soviet The non-aggression pact was an agreement between Non Aggression Hitler and Stalin not to attack each other. This allowed for Pact German victories in the west without worries of the east 156. blitzkrieg "Lighting war" typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939 157. Winston Churchill A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that 36 / 66 would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West. 158. D-Day June 6, 1944, 160,000 Allied troops landed along a 50-mile stretch of heavily-fortified French coastline to fight Nazi Germany on the beaches of Normandy, France. 159. Concentration As Allies advanced, Holocaust came to light; Hitler's racist Camp Liberation "final solution" 160. George Marshall United States secretary of state during WWII. Formulated a program providing economic aid to European countries after World War II. The Marshall Plan provided massive American economic assistance to help Europe recover from the war. 161. Dwight Eisenhower Top Allied commander in Europe supervised the invasion of Normandy and the defeat of Nazi Germany. Later 34th president 37 / 66 162. Omar Bradley A general of the twentieth century. Bradley commanded the United States ground forces in the liberation of France and the invasion of Germany in World War II. 163. George Patton Allied Commander of the Third Army. Was instrumental in winning the Battle of the Bulge. Considered one of the best military commanders in American history. 164. Vernon J. Baker Awarded Medal of Honor in 1997 for heroic acts in Italy in 1945 165. Tuskegee Airmen all black unit of fighter pilots. trained in Tuskegee Alabama. won many awards for bravery and never lost a single pilot 166. Japanese Expan- japanese need of raw materials, show power to larger sion countries, so the attack other countries 38 / 66 167. Flying Tigers American pilots who volunteered to fight for China 168. Bataan Death March Japanese forced about 60,000 of americans and philippines to march 100 miles with little food and water, most died or were killed on the way 169. Battle of Midway 1942 World War II battle between the United States and Japan, a turning point in the war in the Pacific 170. Island Hopping A military strategy used during World War II that involved selectively attacking specific enemy-held islands and bypassing others 171. Kamikaze Japanese suicide pilots who loaded their planes with explosives and crashed them into American ships. 172. Atomic Bomb bomb dropped by an American bomber on Hiroshima and Nagasaki destroying both cities 39 / 66 173. Manhattan Project code name for the secret United States project set up in 1942 to develop atomic bombs for use in World War II 174. Hiroshima and Nagasaki nuclear attacks during World War II against the Empire of Japan by the United States of America at the order of U.S. President Harry S. Truman 175. Douglas MacArthur army commander in Pacific; at Bataan "I shall return" retook Philippines and led rebuilding after WWII 176. Chester A Nimitz navy commander (coral sea, Midway, Solomon Island, Philippine Sea) 177. Navajo Code Talkers Native Americans from the Navajo tribe used their own language to make a code for the U.S. military that the Japanese could not desipher 178. Harry S. Truman Succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt upon his death. Led the country through the last few months of World War II, and made the controversial decision to use two atomic bombs against Japan 40 / 66 179. Potsdam Confer- The final wartime meeting of Truman, Churchill, and Stalin ence discussed the future of Europe but their failure to reach meaningful agreements soon led to the onset of the Cold War. 180. Arms Race Cold war competition between the U.S. and Soviet Union to build up their respective armed forces and weapons 181. Communist Rev- a revolution led by Mao Zedong and the Red Guards olution in China whose focus was to establish a society in which all people were equal, also called the Cultural Revolution 182. 41 / 66 Julius and Ethel Arrested in the Summer of 1950 and executed in 1953, Rosenberg they were convicted of conspiring to commit espionage by passing plans for the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union. 183. Venona Papers Revealed the identities of several American spies 184. House Un-Amer- (HUAC) committee formed in the House of Represenican Activities tatives in the 1930s to investigate radical groups in the Committee United States; it later came to focus on the threat of communism in the United States during World War II and the Cold War 185. McCarthyism The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee. 186. Space Race a competition of space exploration between the United States and Soviet Union 42 / 66 187. 1957 Sputnik launched; starts the Space Race 188. Truman Doctrine President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey 189. Marshall Plan A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe. 190. Berlin Airlift 43 / 66 Airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin. 191. North Atlantic International Organization set up in 1949 to provide for Trade Agreement the defense of western European countries and the Unit(NATO) ed States from the perceived Soviet threat 192. Korean War ..., The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea. 193. Containment American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world 194. Limited War A war fought to achieve a limited objective, such as containing communism 44 / 66 195. Cuban Missile Crisis an international crisis in October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the U.S. demands a week later. 196. GI Bill law passed in 1944 to help returning veterans buy homes and pay for higher educations 197. Baby Boom 30 million war babies were born between 1942 and 1950. 198. White Flight 45 / 66 working and middle-class white people move away from racial-minority suburbs or inner-city neighborhoods to white suburbs and exurbs 199. Sun Belt U.S. region, mostly comprised of southeastern and southwestern states, which has grown most dramatically since World War II. 200. Suburbs Areas of living outside the cities where middle-class families went to live to escape the city 201. Polio Vaccine (1995) created by Dr. Jonas Salk. worked by introducing killed or weak pieces of the virus to allow body to develop antibodies thus preventing polio 202. Billy Graham An Evangelist fundamentalism preacher who gained a wide following in the 1950s with his appearances across the country and overseas during and after the war. 46 / 66 203. In God we Trust A phrase that Congress made mandatory on all American currency in 1954, inspired by Eisenhower's patriotic crusade to bring Americans back to God. 204. Beat Generation Group of writers of the 1950s, led by Kerouac, focusing on alienation, conformity, and materialism. 205. 13th Amendment Abolished Slavery 206. 14th Amendment Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws 207. 15th Amendment Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude 47 / 66 208. Mendez vs. West- federal court case that challenged racial segregation in minster California schools. In its ruling, the U.S. Court of Appeals held that the segregation of Mexican and Mexican American students into separate "Mexican schools" was unconstitutional 209. Delgado vs. Bas- 1948-Parents of Mexican American students in Texas trop sued on the premise that "Separate but Equal" was created to segregate White and Black student, not Mexican American. The decision stated that segregation was illegal for Mexican American. 210. Executive Order President Truman desegregated US military 9981 211. Sweatt vs. Painter Segregated law school in Texas was held to be an illegal violation of civil rights, leading to open enrollment. 48 / 66 212. Hernandez vs. Texas argued that Pete Hernandez could not get a fair trial because no Mexican Americans were allowed on the jury; supreme court agreed 213. Brown vs. Board 1954- court decision that declared state laws segregating of Education schools to be unconstitutional. Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) 214. 1957 Civil Rights A bipartisan commission established by IKE to investigate Act if certain citizens were being deprived the right to vote 215. 1964 Civil Rights This act prohibited Discrimination because of race, color, Act sex, religion, or national origin by employers or labor unions 216. 24th Amendment Abolishes poll taxes 49 / 66 217. 1965 Voting Rights Act ended literacy tests and poll taxes; allowed officers to register voters 218. NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People 219. Thurgood Marshall American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor. 220. Rosa Parks United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement 50 / 66 221. Montgomery Bus In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give Boycott up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal. 222. Martin Luther King, Jr. 1929-1968. Pivotal leader of the American Civil Rights movement. Non-violent leader, became youngest person to receive the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964 for his efforts to end segregation and racial discrimination. Led Montgomery Bus Boycott, helped found Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and led March on Washington in 1963 where he delivered "I have a Dream" speech. 223. Southern Chris- 1957 group founded by Martin Luther King Jr. to fight tian Leaderagainst segregation using nonviolent means ship Conference (SCLC) 51 / 66 224. March on Wash- held in 1963 to show support for the Civil Rights Bill in ington Congress. Martin Luther King gave his famous "I have a dream..." speech. 250,000 people attended the rally 225. Orval Faubus Arkansas governor who called out the National Guard to prevent nine black students from entering Little Rock's Central High School under federal court order. 226. George Wallace Racist gov. of Alabama in 1962 ("segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever"); runs for pres. In 1968 on American Independent Party ticket of racism and law and order, loses to Nixon; runs in 1972 but gets shot 227. Lester Maddox This racist restaurant owner closed his restaurant rather than integrate. He eventually became governor and hired more blacks to office than all prior governors combined. 52 / 66 228. Malcolm X Black Muslim leader who said Blacks needed to have separate society from whites, but later changed his views. He was assassinated in 1965. 229. Black Panthers A black political organization that was against peaceful protest and for violence if needed. The organization marked a shift in policy of the black movement, favoring militant ideals rather than peaceful protest. 230. Assassination of April 4, 1968 - MLK shot by James Earl Ray on hotel balMLK cony in Memphis -- rocked nonviolent campaign, resulted in violent riots 231. League of Unit- Fought to desegregae schools, public facilities, and housed Latin Ameri- ing in Southern California and the Southwest; fought for can Citizens (LU- Hispanic rights LAC) 232. Hector P. Garcia founded the American GI Forum to help minority veterans obtain the same benefits other veterans recieved 53 / 66 233. Edgewood ISD vs. Kirby historically established the inequity found in the money available to local schools in Texas 234. Cesar Chavez 1927-1993. Farm worker, labor leader, and civil-rights activist who helped form the National Farm Workers Association, later the United Farm Workers. 235. Dolores Huerta taught farmworkers how to become citizens and how to vote; earned more money to buy food and clothing for them; worked with Cesar Chavez to form the National Farm Workers Association 236. Chicano Mural Movement Began in the 1960s in Mexican-American barrios throughout the Southwest. Artists began using the walls of city 54 / 66 buildings, housing projects, schools, and churches to depict Mexican-American culture. 237. Betty Friedan 1921-2006. American feminist, activist and writer. Best known for starting the "Second Wave" of feminism through the writing of her book "The Feminine Mystique" 238. National Organi- Founded in 1966, the National Organization for Women zation for Women (NOW) called for equal employment opportunity and (NOW) equal pay for women. 239. American Indian led by Dennis Banks and Russell Means; purpose was to Movement (AIM) obtain equal rights for Native Americans; protested at the site of the Wounded Knee massacre 240. Great Society President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education. 55 / 66 241. Affirmative Action A policy in educational admissions or job hiring that gives special attention or compensatory treatment to traditionally disadvantaged groups in an effort to overcome present effects of past discrimination. 242. Title IX -Provision of the Educational Amendments of 1972 that bars educational institutions recieving federal funds from disciminating against female student 243. Tinker vs. Des Moines Supreme Court case that stated that students do not lose their freedom of speech rights in high school. Mary Beth tinker wore black arm bands to protest the Vietnam War. 244. Wisconsin vs. Yoder Court decided that Amish families are required to send their kids to school. 56 / 66 245. Domino Theory A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control. 246. Ho Chi Minh 1950s and 60s; communist leader of North Vietnam; used geurilla warfare to fight anti-comunist, American-funded attacks under the Truman Doctrine; brilliant strategy drew out war and made it unwinnable 247. Gulf of Tokin Resolution The resolution passed by Congress in 1964 giving President Lyndon Johnson board powers to expand the U.S. role in Vietnam. 248. Tet Offensive 1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for com57 / 66 munism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment 249. Fall of Saigon Marked the end of the Vietnam War in April, 1975 when North Vietnamese invaded South Vietnam, forcing all Americans left to flee in disarray as the capitol was taken 250. 26th Amendment Lowered the voting age from 21 to 18 251. 1969 Moon Land- Neil Armstrong was the first man on the moon. ing 252. Detente A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon. 253. Watergate The events and scandal surrounding a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters in 1972 58 / 66 and the subsequent cover-up of White House involvement, leading to the eventual resignation of President Nixon under the threat of impeachment, Ford becomes President 254. Cold War A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years. 255. Oil Crisis Economic crisis of 1973 that occurred when OPEC nations refused to export oil to Western nations 256. EPA An independent federal agency established to coordinate programs aimed at reducing pollution and protecting the environment 257. Sam Walton the most successful discount retailer and the founder of Wal-Mart 59 / 66 258. Estee Lauder American beautician and business woman who began her cosmetics business with a face cream designed by her uncle, and then got her products into all leading department stores 259. Ronald Reagan 1980 and 1984; Republican; reduce reliance on government; Reagonomics: supply-side, laissez-faire, send troops to Grenada, escalated the Cold War: "rollback" of communism, Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars); War on Drugs, Iran-Contra affair, second term-ended cold war (tear down this wall" (Berlin Wall)) 260. Heritage Foundation conservative american think tank in washington D.C to promote conservative public policies. based the principles of free enterprise, limited government, individual freedom, traditional american values and a strong national defense. 60 / 66 261. Sandra Day O'Connor (b. 1930) Arizona state senator from 1969 to 1974, appointed to the Arizona Court of Appeals in 1979. Reagan appointed her to the U.S. Supreme Court, making her the first female Justice of the Supreme Court. 262. Phylis Schlafly She is known for her opposition to feministic ideas and for her ongoing campaign against the proposed Equal Rights Amendment.She believed the Equal Rights Amendment was bad because there were obvious differences between men and women that should be recognized . 263. Reaganomics These policies combined a monetarist fiscal policy, supply-side tax cuts, and domestic budget cutting. Their goal was to reduce the size of the federal government and stimulate economic growth. 61 / 66 264. Iran-Contra Affair This involved high officials in the Reagan administration secretly selling arms to Iran (in return for the release of Western hostages in the Middle East) and illegally using the proceeds to finance the Contra rebels in Nicaragua. 265. Mikhail Gorbachev the last General secretary of the Soviet Union. He brought about massive economic, social, and political changes and helped bring an end to both the Soviet Union and the Cold War. His reforms included giving citizens the ability to freely voice their opinions (glasnost) and entirely restructuring the Soviet Union's economy (Perestroika). 266. Persian Gulf War (1990 - 1991) Conflict between Iraq and a coalition of countries led by the United States to remove Iraqi forces from Kuwait which they had invaded in hopes of controlling their oil supply. A very one sided war with the United States; coalition emerging victorious. 267. 9/11 terrorist attacks that occurred on Sep. 11, 2001, in which 19 militant Islamist men hijacked and crashed 4 commercial aircraft. Two planes hit the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, causing them to collapse. One plane crashed into the Pentagon in Washington, D. C., and the fourth, overtaken by passengers, crashed into a field in rural Pennsylvania. Nearly 3,000 people were 62 / 66 killed in the worst case of domestic terrorism in American history. 268. Patriot Act This law passed after 9/11 expanded the tools used to fight terrorism and improved communication between law enforcement and intelligence agencies 269. Afghanistan War (2001-Present) to find/kill Osama Bin Laden, destroy Al Qaeda, remove the Taliban from power and; help build a nation better for its citizens than what we found 270. Iraq War An armed conflict in Iraq that consisted of two phases. an invasion force led by the United States and a phase of fighting, in which an insurgency emerged to oppose coallition forces 271. 1992 Election Bush vs. Clinton vs. Perot; focus on stagnancy of economy and problems of middle class (Clinton) 272. Bill Clinton 1992 and 1996; Democrat; Don't Ask Don't Tell policy implemented by Congress, Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, Travelgate controversy; Operation Desert Fox (4 day bombing campaign in Iraq); Scandals: Whitewater controversy, Lewinsky scandal (impeached and acquited), Travelgate controversy, Troopergate; first balanced budget since 1969 63 / 66 273. 2000 Election This election came down to the state of Florida, between George W. Bush and Al Gore. George Bush won the Presidency by a Supreme Court vote. 274. Hurricane Katri- Considered to be the one crisis of the Bush administrana tions second term and in is inefficiency to deal with the crisis. It destroyed 80% of New Orleans and more than 1300 people died, while the damages were $150 billion. 275. George W. Bush 2000 and 2004; Republican; 9/11 terrorist attack invade Afghanistan and Iraq; economy: huge tax cuts, 2007-great recession; No Child Left Behind, Medicare prescription drug benefits, Hurricane Katrina disaster 276. 2008 Election The election was the first in which an African American was elected President, and the first time a Roman Catholic was elected Vice President (Joe Biden, then-U.S. Senator from Delaware). 64 / 66 277. Barack Obama 2008; Democrat; first African American president of the US, health care bill; Gulf of Mexico oil spill disaster; economy: huge stimulus package to combat the great recession, is removing troops from Iraq, strengthened numbers in Afghanistan; repeal of Don't Ask Don't Tell; New Start treaty with Russia 278. Sonia Sotomayor Appointed by President Obama in 2009, first Hispanic Supreme Court Justice 279. Oprah Winfrey Born January 29, 1954. Television host, philanthropist, producer and actress 280. 1968 MLK was assassinated 281. 1969 United States lands on the moon 65 / 66 282. 1991 Cold War Ends 283. 2001 terrorist attacks on World Trade Center and the Pentagon 284. 2008 Election of first black president 66 / 66