Week 5: Vocabulary Cheat Sheet

● Igneous rock: An igneous rock is defined as a type of rock formed from the cooling and solidification of molten rock, known as magma or lava. ● Lava: hot molten or semifluid rock erupted from a volcano or fissure, or solid rock resulting from cooling of this. ● Magma: Magma is the molten or semi-molten natural material from which all igneous rocks are formed ● Extrusive: Extrusive igneous rocks, also known as volcanic rocks, form when magma erupts onto the Earth's surface as lava, then cools and solidifies rapidly, resulting in a fine-grained or glassy texture and various common types ● Intrusive: Intrusive igneous rocks, also called plutonic rocks, form when magma cools and crystallizes beneath the Earth's surface/Common examples include granite, and they form various underground bodies like dikes, sills, batholiths, and laccoliths. ● Sedimentary Rock: Sedimentary rocks are formed from the accumulation, compaction, and cementation (lithification) of sediments, which are fragments of other rocks ● Cementation: cementation is a key part of forming sedimentary rocks, where dissolved minerals from water precipitate and fill the spaces between sediment grains, binding them together into a solid rock structure. ● Metamorphic rock: A metamorphic rock is a type of rock formed when an existing rock—be it igneous, sedimentary, or even another metamorphic rock—is transformed by high heat, high pressure, or both, deep within the Earth's crust, changing its mineralogy, chemistry, and texture but not melting it. ● Foliated: a foliated rock is a metamorphic rock that exhibits distinct layering or banding due to the alignment of mineral grains under directed pressure and heat. ● Nonfoliated: A non-foliated rock is a type of metamorphic rock that lacks a layered or banded appearance, which forms when minerals recrystallize without directional stress.