Sled Wars Gizmo Answer Key

Name: Paula Reed Date: 03-07-2022 Student Exploration: Sled Wars Directions: Follow the instructions to go through the simulation. Respond to the questions and prompts in the orange boxes. Vocabulary: acceleration, energy, friction, kinetic energy, momentum, potential energy, speed Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.) 1. A firefighter is trying to break through a door. Is he more likely to break through if he runs at the door very slowly or if he runs at the door very fast? Explain your answer. Since he has more momentum, running quickly would break it. 2. Two firefighters are trying to break through a door. One firefighter is heavy, and the other is light. If they run at the same speed, which one is more likely to break through? Explain. Compared to the lighter one, the heavier one has greater momentum and energy. Gizmo Warm-up The ability to crash through doors and cause other changes depends on an object’s energy. With the Sled Wars Gizmo, you will explore the factors that affect the energy of a sled. The Gizmo shows a Yeti named Burt riding his sled down a steep hill. Burt plays a game where he tries to wreck as many snowmen as he can. 1. Use the slider to set the Snowmen to 5. Check that the height of the sled is 25.0 m. Click Play ( ). How many snowmen does the sled destroy? 1.22 2. Click Reset ( ). Set the Red sled mass to 200 kg. Click Play. How many snowmen does the sled destroy this time? 2.45 3. Click Reset. Drag the sled to the top of the hill so the starting height is 50.0 m. Click Play. A. How many snowmen are destroyed now? 4.90 B. Why do you think this is so? Sled moving more rapidly Activity A: Acceleration and speed Get the Gizmo ready: ● ● ● ● Click Reset. Check that One sled is selected. Set the Red sled mass to 100 kg. Set the Number of snowmen to 0. Check that the height of the sled is 50.0 m. Introduction: Speed is a measure of how fast an object is moving. It is defined as distance moved per unit of time. In this Gizmo, the units of speed are meters per second, or m/s. Question: What factors affect the speed of the sled? 1. Observe: With the sled at 50.0 m, click Play. Observe the Red sled speed speedometer. A. What happens to the sled’s speed as it moves down the slope? Speed picks up B. Acceleration is a change in speed or direction over time. In what two ways does the sled accelerate as it descends? Speed picks up and changes course. C. Click Reset. This time, focus on the speed of the sled after it reaches the bottom of the hill. Click Play. What do you notice? Speed remains constant. D. Does the sled accelerate after reaching the bottom? Explain. No, Once the sled has reached the bottom of the hill, neither its speed nor direction change. 2. Experiment: Click Reset. Set the Red sled mass to 10 kg. Click Play and then Pause ( reaches the bottom. A. Look at the speedometer. What is the speed of the sled? 31.30 m/sec B. Click Reset, and change the Red sled mass to 200 kg. Click Play. What is the speed of the sled at the bottom now? 31.30 m/sec C. Try other sled masses. Does the mass of the sled affect its final speed? No ) after the sled In this Gizmo, there is no friction, so there is no force slowing the sled down. As long as there is no friction, the sled’s final speed only depends on the starting height. In the real world, friction will affect the sled’s final speed. 3. Explore: Click Reset. Use the Gizmo to measure the sled’s final speed when it starts at a height of 10 meters and when it starts at a height of 40 meters. Record these speeds below. Speed when starting from 10 m: 14 m/sec Speed when starting from 40 m: How does increasing the starting height affect the final speed? 28 m/sec Final velocity rises Activity B: Energy Get the Gizmo ready: ● Click Reset, and check that One sled is selected. ● Drag the red sled so that its height is 25.0 m. ● Set the Red sled mass to 100 kg. Introduction: Energy can be found in several forms. Kinetic energy is energy of motion. Potential energy is stored energy, such as the stored energy of a sled at the top of a hill. Question: How are potential and kinetic energy related to one another? 1. Collect data: Turn on Show energy. Notice that energy is measured in joules (J). In the table, record the potential and kinetic energy of the sled at the top of the slope, about halfway down, and at the bottom. (Use the Pause button to stop the sled halfway down.) Location Top Height 25.0 m Potential energy 24,500 J Kinetic energy 0J Total energy 24,500 J Middle 12.0 m 11,720 J 12,780 J 24,500 J Bottom 0.0 m 0J 24,500 J 24,500 J A. How do the potential and kinetic energy change as the sled moves down the slope? Potential energy falls while kinetic energy rises. B. Add the potential and kinetic energy for each location to find the total energy. What do you notice about the total energy? According to the law of conservation of energy, energy can be changed from one form to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed. That means that the total amount of energy at the beginning is the same as the total amount at the end. Total energy remains constant. 2. Explore: Vary the sled’s height and mass. Observe the effect of each change on the potential energy of the sled. A. How does potential energy change when height is increased? Rising B. How does potential energy change when mass is increased? Rising C. Compare a sled’s potential energy at 10 m to its potential energy at 20 m. How does doubling height affect potential energy? Twice the elevation creates twofold possibilities D. Compare the potential energy of a 100-kg sled and a 200-kg sled at the same height. How does doubling mass affect potential energy? Duplicate potential 3. Measure: Click Reset. Set the Red sled mass to 100 kg and the Snowmen to 1. Drag the sled to the top of the hill. Click Play and then Pause just before the sled hits the snowman. A. What is the speed of the sled before it hits the snowman? 31.30 metres per second B. What is the kinetic energy of the sled before it hits the snowman? 49,00 J C. Click Play. What is the speed and kinetic energy of the sled after hitting the snowman? Speed: 24.08 metres per second Kinetic energy: 29,000 J D. How much energy was used to destroy one snowman? 20,000 J 4. Predict: Click Reset. Drag the sled to a height of 40 meters and set its mass to 160 kg. A. What is the potential energy of the sled? 62,720 J B. How many snowmen do you think this sled can destroy? Explain your answer. 4 C. How many snowmen do you think this sled can destroy? Explain your answer. 3.14 5. Extension 1: The formula for potential energy is PE = m • g • h. In this formula, PE stands for potential energy (in joules), m stands for mass (in kilograms), h stands for height (in meters), and g stands for acceleration caused by gravity. On Earth’s surface, g is 9.8 m/s2. This means that, every second, the speed of a falling object increases by 9.8 m/s. ✏️ Calculate the potential energy of a 20-kg sled at 40 meters. Show your work in the space to the right. When you are done, use the Gizmo to check your answer. Potential energy: 7,840 J 6. Extension 2: The formula for kinetic energy is KE = m • v2. In this formula, KE stands for kinetic energy 2 (in joules), m stands for mass (in kilograms), and v stands for speed squared, or the speed multiplied by itself. ✏️ Calculate the kinetic energy of a 20-kg sled moving 28.0 m/s. Show your work in the space to the right. To check your answer, set the height to 40 m and the mass to 20 kg. Click Play and wait until the sled gets to the bottom. Kinetic energy: 7,840 J Get the Gizmo ready: Activity C: Sled wars! ● Select Two sleds. Check that Show energy is on. ● Set the Red sled mass to 150 kg and its height to 20 m. Set the Blue sled mass to 100 kg and its height to 35 m. Introduction: Burt the Yeti and his friend Karen are having a contest called a “sled war.” The winner is the sled that pushes the other sled backward when the two sleds collide. Question: Who will win the sled war? 1. Predict: Burt’s red sled is a bit heavier than Karen’s blue sled, but she is higher on the slope. A. What is the potential energy of each sled? Red sled:29,400 J Blue sled:34,300 J B. Which sled do you think will push the other back when they collide? Explain. greater energy 2. Test: Check that Sleds stick together is selected. Click Play. Click Pause after the two sleds collide with each other. A. Which sled won the sled war? Did this surprise you? a red sled B. After the collision, what is the kinetic energy of each sled? Red=148 J, Blue=98 J C. What happened to the combined energy of the two sleds when they collided? From 64,700 J to 246 J less D. Because energy is conserved, the “lost” energy has actually been changed into other forms. Looking at the two sleds, what effect did some of this energy cause? The sleds collapsed from a loss of energy. 3. Calculate: Click Reset. The momentum (p) of an object is the product of its mass and speed: p = m • v. The units of momentum are kilograms-meters per second, or kg•m/s. Click Play, and then click Pause just before the collision. A. What is the speed of the red sled? 19.80 m/sec B. What is the momentum of the red sled? 2.970 kg x m/sec C. What is the speed of the blue sled? 26.19 m/sec D. What is the momentum of the blue sled? 2.619 kg x m/sec 4. Gather data: Click Reset. For each combination of sled masses and starting heights below, click Play, and then click Pause just before the sleds collide. Record the speed and momentum of each sled. Then, click Play again and record the winning sled. Trial Red sled height Red sled mass Red sled speed Red sled momentum Blue sled height Blue sled mass Blue sled speed Blue sled momentum Winning sled 1 50.0 m 20 kg 31.30 m/sec 626 kg x m/sec 10.0 m 100 kg 14.00 m/sec 1,400 kg x m/sec blue sled 2 25.0 m 120 kg 22.14 m/sec 2656 kg x m/sec 20.0 m 130 kg 19.80 m/sec 2,574 kg x m/sec red sled 3 5.0 m 100 kg 9.90 m/sec 990 kg x m/sec 45.0 m 40 kg 29.70 m/sec 1,188 kg x m/sec blue sled A. In each trial, circle the greater momentum value. What is true about the momentum of the winning sled in each contest? Each victory one had more momentum B. If you knew each sled’s mass and speed, how could you determine which sled will be pushed backward in a collision? By multiplying the mass and speed, determine the momentum. 5. Explore: Click Reset. Select Sleds bounce. In this collision, large springs cause the sleds to bounce off each other. Using the same settings from the last trial above, click Play. What do you see? Following the impact, both sleds make a backward bounce. 6. Extension: Click Reset. Without changing any of the sled masses or heights, record the potential and kinetic energy of each sled and find the total energy before the collision. Click Play and then Pause after the collision. Record the potential and kinetic energy of each sled after the collision, and find the total energy. Before collision Red PE 4,900 J Red KE 0J Blue PE 17,640 J Blue KE 0J Total energy 22,540 J After collision 784 J 7,316 J 7,056 J 7,384 J 22,540 J Is energy conserved in this type of collision? Explain. Yes, the total energy before and after the contact is equal.