Outline the Structure of the Main Tissues of The Body

P2 Outline the structure of the main tissues of the body Introduction In this task, I will be outlining the structure of the main tissues of the body. The main tissues that I will be explaining are: epithelial tissue (simple cuboidal and compound keratinised), connective tissues, muscle tissues and nervous tissues. Epithelial tissue The whole surface of the body is covered with epithelial tissues. They are made up of cells that are closely packed together and they are in one or more layer. Epithelial cells are tightly packed together with no intercellular spaces but with a little amount of intercellular substance. Epithelium is the lining of internal and external surfaces and the body cavities which includes ducts carrying secretions from the glands. Endothelium is known as the epithelial tissues forming on the surfaces of the interior part of the body. Epithelial tissues are divided into two groups which depend on the number of layers. Simple cuboidal tissue Cuboidal cells are roughly shaped as a square or a cuboid shape. The nucleus in each cell is shaped like a sphere. Cuboidal epithelium is forced in the lining of the kidney tubules and the ducts of the glands. They line the ducts and tubes to allow materials to pass through the same way as the squamous epithelia. Cuboidal epithelium can be found in thyroid follicles, salivary and pancreatic ducts. Compound keratinised tissue Keratinised epithelium refers to the exterior layer of the skill cell that slowly hardens and dies. During keratinisation, keratin amasses and the cells hardens and dies creating a rough and dry shield that protects the tissues and stops different substances from passing in and out of the tissues underneath. Connective tissue Connective tissues are mainly distributed around the body and it lies underneath the epithelial tissue which connects all of the different parts of the internal structure. There are many different types of cells that are contained in a background material which is known as “matrix”. Matrix is in a liquid form which consists in blood, firm in cartilage, jelly-like in areolar tissue and hard in bones. The connective tissues transport blood and provide support and strengthen the bones and cartilage. Blood Blood is a red pigmented liquid and it flows through the arteries and veins in the body and it carries oxygen into the body and takes out carbon dioxide from the human tissues. Blood is made up of plasma which is a watery liquid which carries substances such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose, amino acids, salts, enzymes and hormones. Plasma protein includes blood clotting, transports substances and it can also defend the immune system from foreign bodies. Plasma is in red blood cells which are also known as erythrocytes. There are tiny cells and the cell membrane is elastic and flexible which helps the red blood cell travel through small capillaries. Red blood cells have no nucleus which creates a biconcave shape which allows a large surface area to be visible to oxygen. Due to the lack of nuclei, the cell can only survive for 120 days. Erythrocytes are filled with haemoglobin which gives it a bright red pigment. When the blood is oxygenated in the arteries, the colour is vibrant red. However, when the blood is deoxygenated in the veins, the reduction of haemoglobin makes the blood turn dark red in colour. The function of the blood is to transport substances through the body, maintain body temperature, control pH levels, remove toxins from the body and regulate body fluid electrolytes. Blood is found in the human body, around all of the body organs. Cartilage Cartilage is an important component relating to the body structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue which is firm, translucent and flexible. It helps protect the joints and the movements of the bone. Also, it reduces the friction at the joints and provides support to the movement of the bone. Cartilage is made up of dense matrix of collagen fibres and elastic fibres joined together in a rubbery substance. And there are no nerves or blood vessels in the cartable. It can be found in many parts of the body such as: joints between bones (elbows, knees and ankles); ribs; ear and nose. Bone Bone is another type of a connective tissue that provides structure and support to the skeleton. Bones contains calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate and minerals that provide strength and hardens the structure of the human body. The main function of the bone is to provide support for the structure of the body; protect vital organs and to form storage place for minerals. Bones contain blood vessels, nerve cells and living bone cells which is called osteocytes. The surface of the bone is covered by periosteum which is a thin membrane. The adult skeleton is made from 206 bones. They all come in different shapes and sizes. The shape of the bone determines that function of it. For example: long bones for arms and legs; short bones for hands and ankles and flat bones for the rib cage and the skull. Areolar Areolar tissue is a common type of a loose connective tissue. It is found in many areas of the human body. One of the areas is the skin and the areolar tissue in the dermis and sub-cutaneous layers in the skin. It is in the binds of the outer layer of the skin. The areolar tissue consists of collagen, elastic tissue and reticular fibres. The areolar tissue connects the skin to the muscles which enables it to have a high degree of movement in the body parts. The areolar tissue provides support, strength and elasticity to the skin. Adipose Adipose is another connective tissue which is filled with lots of fat cells called adipocytes. Adipose is found in a thick layer around the kidneys, buttocks and under the skin. Adipose tissue is packed with adipocytes that store fats around the body. Every fat cell is filled with one large triglyceride (fats) and it takes up a lot of space around the cell. The cytoplasm, nucleus and other organelles are pushed at the edge of the cell near the cell membrane. The function of the adipose tissue is that it acts like an insulator later which helps decrease the heat loss in the skin. It also protects and supports vital organs. Lastly, it acts as energy storage because excess food is converted into fats and stored in the adipose tissue in the human body. Muscle tissue Muscle tissue is soft tissue that allows the muscles in the human body to contract and relax. Muscle tissues functions differ to the location in the body. Muscle tissues are broken up into three groups: striated muscle, non-striated muscle and cardiac muscle. Each tissue is made from specialized cells that give the tissue a unique function and structure. Striated The striated muscle is also known as the skeletal muscle because the muscle is closely attached to the bone and skin allowing movement to happen between the bones and limb. Striated muscle movement is controlled voluntarily unlike the cardiac muscles which move involuntarily. The multinucleated fibres are long and fine and they are crossed in a regular pattern of thin red and white lines which allows the muscles a unique appearance and name. The striated muscles can also functions the movements of the eyeballs, limbs and jaws. Non- striated Non-striated muscle is smooth and it is made up of thin muscle cells and fibres. The muscles fibres are shaped with pointy ends and have one large, oval shaped nucleus. These muscles are controlled involuntarily and they are found in the stomach, intestine, blood vessels, urinary bladder and uterus. Cardiac The heart is made up of cardiac muscles that form the walls of the heart. Cardiac muscles are shorter than striated muscles tissues. In the centre of the cardiac muscle tissue, there is only one nucleus. The cardiac muscle tissues play an important role when the atria and ventricles of the heart contract. It also produces a rhythmical beating sound of the heart that helps circulate blood around the body. Nervous tissue The nervous tissue is an important component in the nervous system of the brain and the spinal cord connecting to the central nervous system. Nervous tissues are specialised in which is can react to stimuli and conduct impulses to organs around the body which result in a response to the stimulus. The nervous tissue is packed with neurones which help received and convey impulses and neuroglia helps spread the nerve impulses to the neuron. Neurones Neurones are specialised cells known as nerve cells which transmit nerve impulses around the body. Neurones send information between chemical and electrical forms. The nucleus in the neuron contains genetic information. There are three parts to a neuron: the cell body, dendrites and the axon. However, all neurons vary their functions as it depends on their size, shape and characteristics. Neuroglia Neuroglia is a severe pain that occurs due to a damage nerve. It is found anywhere in the body but is commonly in the head or face. A damaged nerve can be caused from diseases such as diabetes or from an incident such as stabbing or burning. There are many times of neuroglia and the cure depends on the cause of the pain. Pain is usually triggered from a stimulus of pain receptors, however in neuroglia the pain happens without the stimulus which results in an abnormal charge to the nerve. 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